IVR Newsletter

December 1995- June 1996

Nos. 18/19 ISSN 0256 - 937X

IVR Newsletter is published twice a year in June and December to be distributed in July and January respectively. Material to be published should be sent to the Editor by 1st June for the first issue and by 1st December for the second. While every effort is made by the Editors to see that no inaccurate or misleading data appear in their contributions, they wish to make it clear that the form and content of all the other contributions are the sole responsibility of the authors.

Addresses: CIRFID "H. Kelsen", Via Zamboni 27-29, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, tel: +39/(0)51-277211, fax: +39/(0)51-260782. E-mail: http://www.cirfid.unibo.it/ivr/IVRNews@cirfid.unibo.it, URL: http://www_ivr.cirfid.unibo.it/ivr/

CONTENTS

Foreword by the Editor, p. 1. A Greeting from the IVR President, p. 1. Section One: IVR News. Norberto Bobbio on the Changes in Legal Philosophy, p. 2. A Report on the 17th IVR World Congress (Bologna, June 16-21, 1995), p. 3. A letter from Aulis Aarnio, p. 5. Secretary General Report, June 1995-June 1996, p. 6. In Memoriam Carlos E. Alchourrón (1931-1996), p. 7. In Memoriam Kazimierz Opalek (1918-1995), p. 7. Section Two: IVR Announcements. Proceedings of 17th IVR World Congress (Bologna, June 16-21, 1995), p. 8. 18th IVR World Congress (La Plata/Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 10-15, 1997), p. 8. 19th IVR World Congress (New York, USA, June 25-30, 1999), p. 9. 20th IVR World Congress (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 20-24, 2001), p. 10. IVR Prize 1997, p. 10. IVR Web Page, p. 10. Section Three: IVR Records. IVR Constitution, p. 11. Current IVR Officials, p. 13. Reports by the Treasurers, January 1995 - June 1996, p. 14. Curricula Vitae of EC Members, p. 14. Section Four: IVR Chronological Summaries and Reminders. IVR Latest Events, p. 17. IVR Future Events, p. 17. Reminders p. 18. Section Five: National Sections News, Announcements and Records. Amintaphil, p. 18. Argentina, p. 18. Austria, p. 18. Australia, p. 18. Belgium, p. 19. Brazil, p. 19. Bulgaria, p. 19. Canada, p. 20. China, P. R., p. 20. Colombia, p. 20. Czech Republic, p. 20. Denmark, p. 20. Finland, p. 20. Germany, p. 21. Greece, p. 22. India, p. 22. Israel, p. 22. Italy, p. 22. Japan, p. 23. Mexico, p. 23. The Netherlands, p. 23. New Zealand, p. 24. Rumania, p. 24. Russia, p. 24. Slovakia, p. 24. Spain, p. 24. Sweden, p. 24. Switzerland, p. 24. United Kingdom, p. 24.

FOREWORD BY THE EDITOR

I am very pleased to take up the editorship of this new series of the IVR Newsletter under the IVR chairmanship of Enrico Pattaro.

This new series (blue series) will be divided into five basic sections: (1) IVR News, (2) IVR Announcements, (3) IVR Records, (4) IVR Chronological Summaries and Reminders, (5) National Sections News, Announcements and Records. This format will, of course, be flexible and, when necessary, adjusted to future requirements.

I take the liberty of encouraging the National Sections to contribute to the IVR Newsletter with news and announcements, and also, whenever feasible, with records. It goes without saying that the wealth of information and the role of representation of the National Sections will depend upon the flow of information we receive. I hope that the IVR Newsletter will increasingly be a vehicle for IVR and its National Sections to exchange news and information. Please note that, beginning with this issue, the IVR Newsletter will also be available on IVR Web page soon to be started (relevant data supplied on p. 10).

Finally, I would like to thank Francesco Belvisi and Pierluigi Chiassoni who undertook the task of Associate Editors of the IVR Newsletter, and Antonino Rotolo and Silvia Vida for their generous collaboration on this issue.

Carla Faralli

IVR Newsletter Editor

A GREETING FROM THE IVR PRESIDENT

This first issue of the IVR Newsletter blue series gives me the opportunity to extend warm greetings to all IVR members, wherever they may be. The newly elected Executive Committee and myself are at the disposal of the IVR National Sections and individual members to best serve the Association and fulfil the tasks entrusted to us by the IVR Constitution. To aim at these objectives my reference point will be the IVR activities developed during the presidencies of Ralf Dreier (1991-1995), Alice Tay (1987-1991) and Aulis Aarnio (1983-1987) (see his letter published on p. 5). I feel truly at ease, proud and confident, in such good company of scholars elected or confirmed by the General Assembly in Bologna (June 19, 1995, see on p. 13) as representatives of our International Association. Let me add to them Carla Faralli who generously accepted the burden of editing the IVR Newsletter.

Special thanks to my University and its Chancellor, my Law Faculty and its Dean, my city Bologna and its Major and to all the people of CIRFID (Research Centre for Legal Philosophy and Computer Science) who made a decisive contribution to the success of 17th IVR Congress and, I am sure, will support me in serving the IVR during my term as President.

Forthcoming IVR World Congresses are in La Plata/Buenos Aires (Argentina) in 1997, New York (USA) in 1999 and in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) in 2001. The IVR Executive Committee and myself wish the organizers (J. C. Smith, B. Leiser and A. Soetemann respectively) every success in their work. We will do all we can to help them in their task.

Enrico Pattaro, IVR President

SECTION ONE: IVR NEWS
We are pleased to publish a summary of Norberto Bobbio's opening address to the 17th World Congress held in Bologna on June 16-21, 1995.

ON THE CHANGES IN LEGAL PHILOSOPHY

My ripe old age, which never ceases to amaze me, is the reason why I was appointed honorary chairman of the organizing committee of the 17th IVR World Congress and had the privilege of speaking at the opening session. I am well aware that there is no merit attached to old age. It is nonetheless a fact, and, as all legal scholars know, ex facto oritur ius. When I first embarked on the study of legal philosophy for my degree thesis in the thirties, most of the Congress participants were not yet born.

At that time, the homeland of law and philosophy of law was Germany, and a stay at German universities was mandatory for a student in this field. On graduating in 1932 I went to Heidelberg where Gustav Radbruch was teaching: He was to enter the limelight just after the war in the battle for the revival of natural law.

At that time, philosophers of law were far more divided than they are now, following the divisions among the different schools of philosophy. Philosophy of law was considered part of general philosophy, in the wake of Hegelís great example. After the demise of positivism, the two main schools were the neokantians who in turn belonged to two groups, and the neohegelians. In Italy the split was between the followers of Croce and those of Gentile. At least in his early years Kelsen, a pure jurist, considered himself - and indeed was considered by others - to belong to Hermann Cohenís neokantian school. There was also a school of jurists inspired by the phenomenological approach of Edmund Husserl. I recall these figures because their writings were the subject of my first book (1934). I do not want to be cruel (though I am equally cruel as regards my own early work), but silence has fallen on most of these authors, with the exception of Adolf Reinach: sic transit gloria mundi.

Interest in Anglo-Saxon philosophy of law came much later, after the war. Needless to say, this shift of interest, and hence perspective, was brought about by the outcome of the Second World War. Inevitably, and to the benefit of legal philosophy, there came in its wake a much greater knowledge of British and American legal theory. While Kelsenís works were widely translated and circulated in Italy even before the war, it was not until the sixties that Poundís works were translated into Italian.

Until the fifties, I had studied only German, and to some extent French, philosophy of law and was considered one of Kelsenís faithful followers. I tackled an American author for the first time in 1951 when I wrote the critical commentary to Jerome Frankís book on the myth of the certainty of law.

I was becoming increasingly convinced of the need to distinguish between philosophersí philosophy of law and lawyersí philosophy of law and to abandon the former for the latter. One of the few Italian works, or perhaps the only one to have circulated abroad, was Líordinamento giuridico by Santi Romano (1917), who was a lawyer. His book was translated into several languages and remains a key work in the institutional theory of law, which is still a living and important one.

It is one thing to approach the lawyerís task from a philosophical standpoint which is often purely verbal, asking whether it is a work of science and which sort of science it belongs to (natural, moral or normative science); it is quite another to carry out an analytical study, collecting historical and empirical material on the different types of legal reasoning and different types of argument. It is my impression that this shift of perspective from the general theory of legal science to the analysis of legal reasoning is due to the gradual predominance of Anglo-Saxon legal culture in Continental, especially Italian, philosophy of law. I would not, however, disregard Perelmanís contribution to these studies and his theory of argumentation. As many have remarked, there is no expression in the English language corresponding to Rechtswissenschaft, science du droit, scienza del diritto.

In this connection, I would like to stress the major role played by Herbert Hart in bridging the gap between Continental and Anglo-Saxon theory of law. We all owe him a great debt of gratitude and his death was a great loss to us all. It was Hart who gave us balanced and reasoned solutions to the two great conflicts which have divided philosophy of law and given rise to two opposing schools of thought: normativism vs. realism on the one hand, and natural law theory vs. legal positivism on the other.

Besides the changes undergone by legal studies in general, there has been a radical change in the approach to the ever recurrent problem of natural law and the great divide between natural lawyers and positivists - a gap which my generation experienced dramatically. After the war, legal positivism was accused of having rationalized obedience to the law qua law and hence of having offered a principle of justification to any crime, as long as it was perpetrated in the name of a power considered legitimate insofar as it was the de facto ruling power. A reinstatement and revision of legal positivism became one of the major topics of discussion among philosophers of law and it was this subject that I tackled with Hart and Ross when we met in Italy in the summer of 1960.

Nowadays, the problem is not raised in the same terms and above all not with such belligerence on each side. The debate developed within the ranks of legal positivism, but no longer in opposition to the bigoted, threatening figure of the natural law judge of old. There has been a gradual shift away from the old rigid notion of legal positivism. Expansion in the forms of legal production has forced legal positivism to abandon or attenuate some of its traditional dogmas such as the omnipotence of the legislator, the unity, completeness and coherence of the legal system, the purely formal validity of norms and the imperative and coercive nature of law. The very expression ìlegal positivismî is now interpreted in different ways: as a method or as a complete theory of law or even as an ideology. Only in the latter sense the assault of natural law doctrine has been fundamental. I am tempted to say that as an ideology legal positivism has been abandoned, and as a theory it has been extensively revised. It continues to be a valid approach to the study of law, characterized by the distinction between real law and ideal law, or, in other words, between law as fact and law as value, that is, law as it is and law as it ought to be, and by the conviction that the law which lawyers most often deal with is of the former variety.

Circumventing the gulf between natural law and positive law is largely the result of the fact that more so than in the past, we live and work in a universe of shared values, which are those of liberal democracy construed as a set of rules for living together. These rules are based on the acknowledgement of human rights and are aimed at eliminating the use of force as a solution to social conflict. An outright confrontation, like that experienced by my generation, between Kelsenís democratic normativism and Schmittís authoritarian decisionism would be impossible today and even now appears anachronistic. Yet the skies of our shared ideals are not crystal clear and I see dark clouds looming on the horizon.

To conclude, I will recall the words of one of my favourite authors, Thomas Hobbes, who opened his Vita carmine expressa with this Latin verse: Poene acta est vitae fabula longa meae. He wrote that when he was 84 years old. I am somewhat older and thus have every reason to adopt it as my own. I embrace the idea of life as a fabula, not in the sense of something wonderful or imaginative, but in the sense of a tale which the teller should not take too seriously.

Norberto Bobbio

IVR Honorary President

A REPORT ON THE 17th IVR WORLD CONGRESS (BOLOGNA, JUNE 16-21, 1995)

This report is a free rendering based on written Congress materials: it is hoped that the content meets with the approval of the authors cited herein.

The 17th World Congress of the International Association of Legal and Social Philosophy (IVR) was held in Bologna from 16th to 21st June 1995. The meeting was organized by the University of Bologna Law Faculty and the CIRFID. Over seven hundred of the worldís experts on the philosophy of law took part in the meeting which was structured in four plenary sessions, six parallel sessions, a special session devoted to document logistics: legal and civic computer science applications, and 81 working groups.

The ambitious goal of the meeting was to focus on the major legal, political and social issues currently addressed by the philosophy of law. This accounts for the interdisciplinary nature of the meeting reflected in its far-reaching stimulating title: Challenges to Law at the End of the 20th Century. Congress papers were grouped under four main topics: Rights and Other Legal Protections; New Forms of Sovereignty and Citizenship; New and Ancient Sources of Law; Law, Technology and the Environment. The meeting was opened by the Honorary President of the Congress, Norberto Bobbio, whose speech is transcribed above.

In his lecture on Rights and the Rule of Law, Sergio Cotta emphasized how the formal concept of Rechtsstaat or ìrule of lawî is a politically empty and legally neutral formula, destined to be construed according to different legal and political theories, unlike the Greek and Roman concept by which law (nomos, lex) was linked to the order of things or to human nature. For the Rechtsstaat to acquire a specific legal meaning, the notion must embrace the equality of humankind and the universal nature of law as principles of legislation and of government, and law must acknowledge basic human rights for all.

The inadequacy of the formalist perspective was also outlined by G. Peces-Barba Martinez in his lecture Los Derechos Humanos ante Problemas Clasicos de la Filosofía del Derecho which compared the extreme theories of natural law and positive law in relation to law and morals. A rigid demarcation line between the two spheres of law appears to be contradicted by the fact that all legal systems are expected to make a certain ethical choice. This is particularly true of those legal systems embodying the recognition of human rights, values and principles in their constitutions. If it is true that law also has a moral content, it is equally true that for legal purposes certain values must be made positive.

In her lecture entitled The Complexity of Justice, Agnes Heller claimed that the tension between liberalism and democracy is very likely to become one of the major conflictual fields of the early 21st century. Those conflicts include the redefinition of the relationship between ethics, morality and law. The traditional utopian proposition - voiced, e.g., by Lukács - that ethics should replace law, is not necessarily utopian now, because it is neither entirely unrealizable, nor is it desirable. The seemingly realistic description (by Habermas and others) that, in the modern world, law will and must take care of most things that had once been decided on ethical grounds, contradicts many of the current trends. It turns out that all three aspects of the relationship once described by Hegel (law, morality and Sittlichkeit) remain equally decisive to maintain or regain the balance of freedoms in the modern world. According to Heller there is no justice, neither is there equity, without the maintenance of this balance. In our multicultural society law is not just the defender of the ìuniversalî aspect, but preferably also that of the balance of freedoms (both through interfering, and through the denial of interference in ìethical lifeî).

In Legal Rights and Moral Rights: Old Questions and New Problems, Amartya Sen examined the discipline of moral rights and in particular the need to embed them in a consequential system. He argued that the widely held opinion that independence from consequential evaluation is the right way of guaranteeing individual freedom is based on an inadequate appraisal of the role of moral rights in the social context. In this perspective he examined two specific cases: 1) elementary political and civil rights, and 2) the reproductive rights of women in the context of poor countries with the problem of fast population growth. He argued that a coherent goal-rights system which accommodates rights among others goals, can overcome the non-consequential arguments and justify the force of moral rights fully within a consequentialist perspective.

The topic of Luigi Ferrajoliís lecture was The Idea of Sovereignty at the End of 20th Century. He correlated the crisis in the concepts of sovereignty and citizenship to the crisis of the nation-state and attributed these events to: 1) the adoption by most legal systems of rigid constitutions aimed at limiting the legislatorís array of choices; 2) the development of supranational bodies (such as the UN) whose existence creates a tension with the sovereignty of member states; 3) the flux of immigrants which creates a situation whereby each state is home to individuals lacking the formal requisites of citizenship, but who claim their own basic rights. In the final analysis, sovereignty is increasingly coming to signify a negation of rights because by definition it assumes the absence of legal limitations and obligations. Here, legal philosophy raises two key issues: the jurisdictional guarantees of international law and the hierarchy of sources. Sources are increasingly important because a growing number of state-related decisions are being adopted outside national boundaries. Ferrajoli concluded by pointing out how the development of Europe is moving towards a European Constitution representing a criterion of validity for the legislation of national member states and guaranteeing respect for human rights regardless of the requirement of citizenship.

In The European Nation State. Its Achievements and Its Limitations. On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship, Jürgen Habermas maintained that the ìglobal successî of nation states is currently being challenged by the new requirements of multicultural differentiation and globalization. After commenting on the common concepts of ìstateî and ìnationî and discussing the formation of nation states, he explained the particular achievement of the nation state and the inbuilt tension between republicanism and nationalism. The challenges that arise from the multicultural differentiation of civil society and from trends towards globalization throw light on the limitations of this historical type.

The dangers of internationalization of the economy were also highlighted by Ronald Dworkin, New Forms of Sovereignty and Citizenship. He stressed that, alone, individual nations are unable to ensure respect for individuals whose freedoms are further jeopardized by the great powers called to replace single governments, yet not seriously inclined to accept this role. Respect for human rights, policies of solidarity towards the poorest members of society and the defence of minority rights appear to be the focal issues of debate at the turn of the new century.

In her lecture Sovereignty and Human Rights: New Excuses for Old Strategies, Anne Bayefsky claimed that although the Charter of the United Nations embodied an unresolved tension between state sovereignty and the inviolability of human rights, the fall of the Berlin Wall seemed to herald universal acceptance of the legitimacy of international concern for the protection of human rights. Since that time, however, the sovereignty of states has been pushed with renewed vigour under the guise of cultural sovereignty. Bayefsky proposed three examples of the role of cultural sovereignty in the international human rights sphere to demonstrate that the real interest of states is not the protection of cultural identity, but non-interference, supremacy and control. She identified cultural sovereignty with cultural relativism and argued that the ideology of relativism, combined with the inadequacies of legal positivism, have significantly harmed the efficacy and character of the international human rights regime.

The lecture of Riccardo Guastini, An Inquiry into the Theory of Legal Sources, was divided into four main sections. The first section discussed two competing concepts of "source of law". The sources of law can be understood either as human acts, viz., linguistic behaviours, or as linguistic texts, i.e., as results or products of such human acts. Guastini argued such concepts to be connected to two competing theories of legal interpretation: (1) The cognitive theory maintains interpretation to be a matter of knowledge, viz., empirical knowledge, of either the objective meaning of normative texts (e.g., statutes) or the subjective intention of normative authorities (e.g., the Parliament). (2) The sceptical theory, on the contrary, claims interpretation to be a matter of evaluation and decision. Each theory further involves a different analysis of interpretative statements as well as a different concepts of rule, law, and law-making. In the second section Guastini argued in favour of a ìformalî theory of legal sources. According to this ìformalî theory, the identification of the sources of law is a matter of positive law. As to deciding whether a certain act or text is a source of law or not, we should look at the secondary rules of change of the legal system at hand. Any act or text which is legally authorized to create new law by a (previously existing) secondary legal rule is a source of law, whatever its nature or meaning contents may be. The third section was devoted to the analysis of so-called rules of change and to the distinction between ìfactual existenceî, ìlegal existenceî (i. e., membership), and ìvalidityî (both ìformalî and ìmaterialî) of rules. In the fourth section ìon judicial law-makingî Guastini argued that the traditional discussion about judicial ìinterstitialî legislation takes no account of the most evident challenge to the separation of powers, i. e., the judicial review of legislation, especially when performed by constitutional courts. Most European constitutional courts do not confine themselves to fulfilling only negative law-making, but also contribute to legislation in a positive way.

In his paper Joseph Raz asked: Why Interpret? His aim was to make us seriously entertain the question of why interpretation is central to legal practices. After all, not all normative practices assign interpretation such a central role. In this regard the law contrasts with morality. According to him the reason for the contrast has to do with the status of the sources in the law. There are no ìmoral sourcesî while legal sources are central to the law. He suggested that legal interpretation is primarily the interpretation not of the law, but of its sources. To understand why interpretation is central to legal practices requires understanding the role of sources in the law, the reasons for having them, and hence also the ways in which they should be treated. Raz showed that reflections on these topics connect with some traditional jurisprudential issues, such as the relations between law and morality, gaps in the law and the subjective nature of interpretation.

In Ancient and New Sources of Law: An East Asian Perspective, Chongko Choi reviewed the theory of the sources of law rather critically from the East Asian point of view, and tried to re-evaluate Asian customary law according to the process of enlightenment and modernization at work in Asian countries. He explained how Asian countries may distinguish between law and morals, the correct rule of behaviour ìLiî being both an external and an internal rule. In a further step he briefly discussed on both the phenomenon of the internationalization of the sources of law and that of legal pluralism. According to Choi the changes in our global society have given rise to new elements in the international law-making process which cannot be identified as either binding or non-binding rules based on the criteria provided by the traditional sources of international law. Moreover, there exists a ìgray areaî between the areas of law and non-law: this is the domain of the so-called ìsoft-lawî. Its endorsement results in an unprecedented expansion of the concept of law into areas of normative regulation which have never been considered to belong to the law proper. Finally, as regards legal pluralism, plural legal systems in the contemporary world have resulted from the transfer of whole legal systems across cultural boundaries. The result has been that large portions of the globe are subject to laws and principles which are drawn from a number of widely differing cultures.

The future perspective of Islamic countries was discussed by Yadh Ben Achour in Nature, Raison et Révélation dans la Philosophie du Droit des Auteurs Sunnites, in which he described different ways of construing the problem of sources before and after the 19th century. Ancient discussion had taken place in a relatively standard context in which the order of legal norms and political power were kept separate. After the state came into being in the 19th century, it claimed a monopoly over the sources of law and ended by abolishing the old separation. Current debate no longer focuses on the different sources of law, but on one source alone, the state.

The last day of the Congress was devoted to the relations between law and technology. The topic was tackled, among others, by Vittorio Frosini, The Jurist in Technological Society. The scholar pinpointed the major problems arising from ongoing technological development, particularly in the field of legal computer science. First and foremost, the computerization of law requires that the right to express oneís opinions be backed up by the right to computer freedom, a right that implies not only access to information, but also the protection of privacy (with relative powers of inspection and cancellation of data infringing these rights). The issues of protecting computer programmes highlights the inadequacy of traditional means of safeguarding property rights (such as copyright and patents).

François Ost (Law, Technology and the Environment: A Challenge to the Great Dichotomies in Western Rationality) assessed that the current environmental crisis is intellectual rather than material: It derives from the difficulties into which we are led by modern dualist thought, which counterpoises subject and object and their countless corollaries: value and fact, fiction and truth, politics and science, proscriptive and descriptive, subjective and objective law, private and public sphere, law of equity and current legal practice. These distinctions must be reappraised at a time when hybrid forms proliferate, forms based on both nature and culture, the stuff of K. Popperís ìthird worldî. Some kind of thinking based on complexity would appear necessary in order to link the opposite poles dialectically. But saving the environment also entails control of this intrusive third world. To tackle the complex problems which involve our society, Ost proposed new forms of responsibility (environmental responsibility towards future generations), new descriptions of nature (a ìcommon heritageî, half-way between subject and object), as well as new forms of judicial regulation (negotiated objective law and procedural subjective rights to participation in the management of the environment).

On Law and Logic was the title of the lecture by Carlos E. Alchourrón. His main purpose was to explore the role played by logic in the legal domain. In the traditional conception which underlies the movement of codification judges are able to find in the legal system (Master System) a unique answer to every legal problem. This entails its completeness, consistency and the possibility to derive from it the contents of all judicial decisions. Although the ideal model of this conception is supported by important theoretical and political ideals it has significant shortcomings. According to Alchourrón the elements of normative systems (Master Systems) are ìnormsî but not mere ìnorm-formulationsî. A ìnormî is the meaning attributed to linguistic normative expressions. The set of all normative expressions, like statutes, codes, etc. form what is called the Master Book. One of the main problems for the ideal model is the identification of a normative system behind the Master Book. Interpretative arguments are the tools designed to solve these problems. Although the requirements of the model are not totally fulfilled in actual practice it remains as an effective ideal rational goal behind legal activities linked to judicial adjudication and most theoretical approaches to law.

Danièle Bourcier in her paper on The Computerization of Law. Reflections on the Evolution of Government Writing Techniques discussed the problems of transposing legal texts into a computer system. She demonstrated how government policy is implemented through the different means available to society: legal regulations, codes and computerization. These instruments evolve under the impulse of managerial guidelines, general dematerialization of legal norms and automated decision-making. According to Bourcier, it is increasingly difficult to analyse the effects of this evolution in terms of causality and impact. A French study investigated the functions of government-devised information systems and citizensí reactions to their application by analysing the case law of the National Commission on Computer Science and Freedom (Cnil) and numerous reports drawn up by expert systems. Certain ìinductive circlesî (boucles inductives) are highlighted as are some paradoxical episodes arising from the evolution of legal techniques in the light of the computer science revolution in our political and administrative systems.

A special Congress session introduced by Stefano Rodotà tackled the CityCard and Norma projects. The CityCard project was financed by the European Union as part of the ESPRIT programme. The main aim of the CityCard project is to invite citizens to participate in the activities and initiatives of the local authority both by circulating information and services and by improving communication between users and local government. In particular, citizens are offered access to the system to obtain information or services regarding civic life, or send messages directly to the competent offices within the local authority. The CityCard system will also allow citizens to take part in ìon-lineî group discussions or newsgroups on various topics to do with the cityís problems and the needs of its citizens. Users can propose and promote discussion groups with or without the participation of the local authority. The final system will consist in an industrial prototype based on two different pilot applications in two cities: Bologna, Italy and Wansbeck, UK. The nucleus of the CityCard system will constitute a blueprint for other European cities.

Norma, on the other hand, is a complex software package namely a database embodying all the local council legislation and offers users ready access to regulations, resolutions for purposes of consultation and print-outs.

Francesco Belvisi

IVR Newsletter Associate Editor

A LETTER FROM AULIS AARNIO

I became president of IVR by chance, or, at least, without aspiring to this task. Finland certainly did have a strong background in IVR. My teacher Otto Brusiin belonged in his time to the active members of the organization and he was also a member of the presidium. After him, the grip loosened and Finland lost many of its international connections.

Otto Brusiinís contribution to the later development was, however, decisive. As I published a work on legal thinking in 1972 in Finnish, Brusiin reproached me saying that all that is done in legal philosophy has to be done in international languages. The teaching began to germinate, and at the beginning of the 1970s I attained the privilege of establishing many international relations with the leading legal philosophers, Jerzy Wróblewski being the most important one of them. Perhaps it is him that I have to thank for having made the proposal in Basel in the year 1979 according to which Finland and Helsinki were ready to organize the world congress of the year 1983.

But let us go back to IVR matters. Finland got to organize the 1983 world congress. The decision on the matter was made in Basel in 1979. From this began the new international rise of Finnish legal theory, owing to the great work group to which the following belonged persons: Secretary General Heikki Mattila, the linguistic genius and the incomparable diplomat of the group; Treasurer Juha Pöyhönen, a multi-talent that brought the finances onto the credit side; Jyrki Uusitalo, the efficient Newsletter editor rich in ideas; as well as Urpo Kangas, the inexhaustible driving force, whether it came to producing new realizations or carrying out practical matters.

I obtained the IVR presidency in a situation in which the organization faced many problems. In solving them, the support and experience of the presidium were needed. I always got them when I needed them. I do, in fact, want in this respect to bring out a few of the strong backers of the presidium: the IVR veteran Stig Jørgensen, the former Secretary General Carl Wellman, Alice Tay as well as Ota Weinberger.

By united efforts, the present charter of IVR was created during my presidential term (the organization was democratized), the IVR Newsletter was founded and the administrative organization was constructed (e.g., the treasury institution). As to the most important one of these, of course, the charter reform, that would never have succeeded without Ota Weinbergerís proficiency and persistence.

After all this, I shall have to bring out one name that is often forgotten by the legal philosophers of today: Hermann Klenner. He has been one of the most remarkable actors of the history of IVR, carrying himself with integrity and in the manner of a true philosopher even at the time when the socialist bloc was still going strong and was nowhere near to always allowing its representatives space to breathe. Hermann Klenner was an objective, an extremely courageous and a wise member of the IVR presidium. Him I shall never be able to forget. I shall admire him till the end of my life.

In other respects, two matters come to my mind. Firstly, the acceptance of the national departments of Korea and Argentina, both in their respective areas significant bases of legal philosophy, as members of IVR. The acceptance was not without its problems, but it was an indisputable victory for IVR. The other matter is the most touching one for me personally.

I was in the Chile of Pinochet, invited by Agustin Squella. Agustin, a brave man of democracy, had convened a group of legal philosophers to Santiago de Chile. I presented the principles and the activities of IVR. One of the listeners then stood up and said: Mister president, IVR is our only life insurance against dictatorship. I then realized, at that very moment, that IVR has an important task in case of a crisis. We are the intellectual umbrella under which even one who is persecuted, threatened or submitted can seek oneís way to.

I am very happy - even now that years have gone by - about having had the opportunity for a few years to serve IVR to the best of my personal abilities. That time, added by the vice-presidential terms, twelve years in all, gave the legal philosophy of my little country an opportunity to reach the international consciousness. And the young Finns used their opportunity. I am proud of them.

When I think of IVR today, I am especially happy about my good friend Enrico Pattaro having assumed responsibility for leading IVR. Our organization is at this moment in better hands than it has been for a long time. The brilliant group of Bologna has obtained its opportunity. It is fortunate for IVR.

And therefore, when next we meet: A toast to the future of IVR and heartfelt wishes of luck and success to Enrico Pattaro and the Bologna group.

Aulis Aarnio, IVR President 1983-87, IVR Vice-President 1987-95 Tampere, Finland

SECRETARY GENERAL REPORT, JUNE 1995-JUNE 1996

During the first year (June 1995-June 1996) the IVR General Secretariat has carried out the fundamental bureaucratic task of transferring paperwork from the previous German office to the Italian one.

First of all, the new Executive Committee had to be registered by the German Court and the IVR files transferred from Germany to Italy. Also, all the curricula vitae of the IVR Executive Committee members in our possession were distributed to the EC members (latecomers are invited to send their curricula as soon as possible) as established during the EC Meeting of June 16-17, 1995.

Consequently, the IVR General Secretariat began getting in touch with the different National Sections, by letter or by E-mail, in order to establish a mutual co-operation in creating an updated general IVR mailing list containing the names and the addresses of the Officials, and members.

Up to now, only 20 National Sections have replied giving complete or almost complete information.

A meeting was held with Eugenio Bulygin, Enrico Pattaro and Juan Carlos Smith (Bologna, October 26, 1995) about the organization of the forthcoming 18th IVR World Congress, La Plata/Buenos Aires, Argentina (August 10-15, 1997) and a meeting with Mikael Karlsson, Werner Krawietz, Enrico Pattaro and Gerhard Sprenger about the 17th IVR World Congress Proceedings (Bologna, March 16-17, 1996).

The Secretariat has also worked on the project for the creation of an IVR Web page on Internet.

Finally, the IVR General Secretariat contributed to the organization of the IVR Executive Committee Meeting held on June 16-17, 1996 in Lund (Sunday, June 16: 3-6 p.m.; Monday, June 17: 9-12 a.m.). On Sunday morning, June 16, on the occasion of the IVR EC Meeting four open lectures introduced different schools of present-day Theory of Law. Eugenio Bulygin (Buenos Aires) delivered his lecture on the Logical Analysis of Legal Reasoning. Rex Martin (Kansas) spoke about the problem of Rights and Distributive Economic Justice. Roberta Kevelson (Penn State) presented the semiotic approach to ìLegal Realismî (O.W. Holmes). Wesley Cragg (Ontario) lectured on Public Involvement in Criminal Justice.

The EC Meeting began on Sunday afternoon and continued on Monday morning. On Monday a session was held in memoriam of Eugene Kamenka, focusing mainly on his works on religious experience in the history of ideas. The speakers were Agnes Heller (New York), Alice Tay (Sydney) and Werner Krawietz (Münster).

The EC Meeting took place after the Erasmus Intensive Course on Legal Reasoning held in Lund, June 8th to 15th, 1996. The Erasmus Course was addressed to 13 European universities. On Saturday, June 15, 1996 (last day of the course), lectures were held by Aulis Aarnio (Helsinki), Robert Alexy (Kiel), Zenon Bankowski (Edinburgh), and Neil MacCormick (Edinburgh).

All of us were hosted by the University of Lund, with the excellent organization of IVR Vice-President Aleksander Peczenik.

Giusella Finocchiaro

IVR Secretary General

IN MEMORIAM CARLOS E. ALCHOURRÓN (1931-1996)

Carlos E. Alchourrón began his philosophical studies as a disciple of C. Cossio, the well-known Argentine legal philosopher. Cossio introduced him to Kelsenís Pure Theory of Law that, under Cossio, had received a logical interpretation. That circumstance awakened in Alchourrón his vocation for logical matters. He continued his philosophical studies under A. Gioja, and not only made a thorough study of H. Kelsen and E. Husserl, but became familiar with modern logic. At the age of 26, Alchourrón became professor at the University of Buenos Aires.

Alchourrónís sound knowledge of logic and analytic philosophy later allowed him to exercise a powerful influence on his former teacher. Gioja, a philosopher formed on the ideas of Kant, Husserl, Heidegger and Kelsen, welcomed the new winds brought by Alchourrón, Bulygin and Vernengo. The Institute of Legal Philosophy quickly turned into an important academic research centre, under the inspired direction of A. Gioja, with a strong orientation towards legal logic and semantics. Wittgenstein, Carnap and Tarski were familiar authors in the Law Faculty, very influential in philosophical questions, while Kelsenís tradition was enriched with A. Rossís and H.L.A. Hartís contributions.

Alchourrón published his first paper in 1961: Legal arguments a fortiori and a pari, where some ideas of Perelman - who had just visited Buenos Aires - were critically discussed. Later, he published some important essays, such as Logical clarification of some normative concepts (his doctorate dissertation) and Logic of norms and logic of normative propositions, which examined the question of the isomorphy of deontic logic with the logic of normative propositions.

Since 1960, Eugenio Bulygin worked intensively with Alchourrón. They were very different in character, style and even in political ideas. Nevertheless, their close friendship was very fruitful in theoretical works. During nearly a decade, in the 60s, they directed a common seminar on normative systems. That seminar began as an inquiry into the theoretical problem derived from Kelsenís basic norm, but concluded with the publication of an important book: Normative Systems (1970), published first in an English version. The Spanish version appeared later under the title Introducción a la metodología de las ciencias jurídicas y sociales (Buenos Aires, 1975). This work constituted a new basis for the understanding of normative sets and normative legal concepts. It soon became a reference work in deontic logic and even in legal computer science.

Alchourrón was granted the Guggenheim scholarship. He wrote three further books and some sixty papers. A selection of them - together with papers by Bulygin - was published in 1991 in Spain, under the title Análisis lógico y derecho, with an introduction by G. H. von Wright.

G. H. von Wright lectured in 1968 at the University of Buenos Aires. His lectures were published afterwards as An Essay in Deontic Logic and the General Theory of Action. On Alchourrónís criticism, von Wright substantially modified some of his theses; as a result, a sound personal friendship developed between the two philosophers.

Towards the end of the 70s, Alchourrón began a collaboration with D. Makinson, studying the problems of abrogation (Hierarchies of Regulations, 1981). Later, with Peter Gardenfors, the three proposed a logic for the rational change of beliefs, which became the standard model on the topic. Known as the AGM theory, it was the starting point of much research into artificial intelligence. The logical problems of AI procedures, especially in legal matters, were envisaged in papers like Logic without Truth (1990) and Kelsen without the Basic Norm (1991), written with A.A. Martino. His last essays referred to the problem of defeasible conditionals (Revision and defeasible logics and Defeasible conditionals as general conditionals plus revision theory, published in 1993).

Alchourrón was a member of the Institut International de Philosophie; a visiting professor in Mexico, Barcelona, Florence, Bogotá and Oslo; a full professor of Legal Philosophy and Logic at the University of Buenos Aires. He will be remembered as a generous friend and an outstanding scholar whose early death will be much regretted.

Ricardo A. Guibourg

University of Buenos Aires

IN MEMORIAM KAZIMIERZ OPALEK (1918-1995)

Kazimierz Opalek was born on July 13th, 1918. He studied law at the Jagellonian University in Kraków. In 1946 he was awarded the degree of doctor iuris with a dissertation devoted to the history of legal philosophy in Poland. In 1954 he was appointed professor and head of the Chair for Theory of Law and State. He held this position until his retirement in 1988. In 1954-56 he was Dean of the Faculty of Law and in 1962-65 Vice Rector of the University.

In 1977 Professor Opalek was elected member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. From 1981 he was a corresponding member of the Hans Kelsen Institute in Vienna.

Professor Opalek held numerous positions in international associations. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Political Science Association (1973-79) and of the Executive Committee of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (1991- 95).

Professor Opalek taught as a visiting professor at the Universities of Frankfurt, Vienna and Munich. He participated in numerous congresses and conferences, including all World Congresses of IVR.

The list of his publications includes 20 books and more than 200 articles. His main topics of interest were: analytical legal theory, deontic logic, methodology of jurisprudence, theory of political science, history of ideas. Most of his publications appeared in foreign languages. He published in English, German, French and Russian. Some of his articles were translated into Italian, Hungarian, Finnish and Spanish. His last book on the development of German legal philosophy after the second world war unfortunately remains unfinished.

Professor Opalek always devoted a lot of time to his pupils, many of whom have attained positions at universities in Poland and elsewhere.

His death is a great loss to the whole community of legal philosophers all over the world.

Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki

IVR EC Member

SECTION TWO: IVR ANNOUNCEMENTS

PROCEEDINGS OF 17th IVR WORLD CONGRESS (BOLOGNA, JUNE 16-21, 1995)

The Executive Committee, meeting in Lund on June 16-17, 1996, approved the following:

The Proceedings of the Bologna Congress will be published in part by Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, in part by European Journal of Law, Philosophy and Computer Science, and in part by Rechtstheorie. Some of the papers delivered at the Congress are appearing in Ratio Juris in English; these will be translated into German for inclusion in ARSP or Rechtstheorie.

The publication schedule foresees a common preface for all volumes. The complete plan for all volumes of Congress Proceedings is advertised at the end of each of the volumes published. A common Editorial Board for the proceedings is announced in all volumes.

ARSP will publish four volumes dealing, respectively, with ìRightsî, ìAspects of Justice and Cultureî, ìThe Sources of Law and Legislationî and ìLegal Systems and Legal Scienceî. (Contact person: Gerhard Sprenger, Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, Universität Bielefeld- ZiF, Wellenberg 1, D-33615 Bielefeld, tel: (0)521-106 2795/2768, fax: (0)521-106 6024, E-mail: gsprenger@bird.zif.uni-bielefeld.de).

Two volumes will be published by the European Journal of Law, Philosophy and Computer Science. The theme of the first volume is ìFrom Practical Reason to Legal Computer Scienceî, whereas the second volume is a collection of national reports. (Contact person: Alberto Artosi, CIRFID, University of Bologna, via Galliera 3, 40121 Bologna, Italy, tel: +39/(0)51- 277207, 277215, fax: +39/(0)51-260782, E-mail: artosi@cirfid.unibo.it).

Rechtstheorie will publish three volumes. Such volumes are to be entitled, respectively, ìRule of Lawî (Beiheft 17), ìChanging Structures in Modern Legal Systems and the Legal State Ideologyî (Beiheft 18), and ìConsequences of Modernity in Contemporary Legal Theoryî (Beiheft 19). (Contact person: Werner Krawietz, Lehrstuhl für Rechtssoziologie, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Bispinghof 24/25, D- 48143 Münster, fax: 0049-251-832090).

Publication of all volumes is scheduled for late 1996 and will continue in the course of 1997.

18th IVR WORLD CONGRESS (LA PLATA/BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA, AUGUST 10-15, 1997)

The Argentine Association of Philosophy of Law is pleased to invite you to attend the 18th Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy to be held in the cities of La Plata and Buenos Aires (Argentine Republic) from August 10-15, 1997, sponsored by the International Association of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy.

The subjects for discussion are: (1)The legal system, Norm and action, Legal language and interpretation, Sources of law, Principle and hierarchies; (2) Argumentation and justification, Reasons for action, Legal reasoning, Justification of judicial decisions; (3) Legal logic, Normative logic, Theory of static systems, Theory of dynamic systems; (4) Law and computer science, Theoretical bases of computer sciences, Databases and change of theories, Artificial intelligence and expert systems; (5) Ethics, justice and law, Human rights, bioethics and environment, Critical theories of law, Justice and natural law; (6) Political and social philosophy, State functions and resolution of conflicts, Authority, democracy and representation, Sovereignty, national state and supranational order.

Written contributions and communications: each registered participant is invited to submit written communications on topics listed above. They must be written in any of the IVR official languages. Communications should be typed in one-column, with a maximun of 25 lines per A4-page, and must be at most 15 pages long. Papers must include the author's name and affiliation, a 200 word abstract, and should be printed using at least a 300 dots-per-inch laser printer.

Papers will be judged on their originality, significance, correctness and clarity. The main contributions of the paper should be clearly identified and expressed. The Academic Committee may reject all those papers considered unacceptable as regards their contents or in the case they exceed the limit number of pages.

The submission deadline is May 10, 1997. All papers submitted after May 10, 1997, will not be included in the Congress pre-prints without dismissing the possibility that they may be presented by their authors if the Academic Committee accepts them.

Registration fees: all participants registered before December 31, 1996: USD 250, each accompanying person: USD 125. All participants registered after January 1st, 1997: USD 300. Each accompanying person: USD 150.

The respective fees should be remitted together with the registration form, in traveller cheques, a bond-cheque of American Express, an international order of payment, or a bank draft, payable to "Asociación Argentina de Filosofía del Derecho, calle 37 Nro. 268, 1900 La Plata, Argentina".

Accomodation: participants and their guests may select among the hotels listed below. Students of Law and Social Sciences may be lodged without charge if they so require.

Hotels in La Plata and in Buenos Aires

In La Plata. Hotel Corregidor ****, SGL: USD 88, DWL: USD 100. Hotel La Plata ****, USD: 47, DWL: USD 64. Hotel Del Rey ***, SGL: USD 50, DWL: USD 70. Cristal Hotel ***, SGL: USD 49, DWL: USD 66. Hotel San Marco ***, SGL: USD 54, DWL: USD 73.

In Buenos Aires. Hyatt Park *****, SGL: USD 290, DWL: USD 290. Caesar Park *****, SGL: USD 290, DWL: USD 290. Sheraton Hotel *****, SGL: USD 195, DWL: USD 195. Bisonte ****, SGL: USD 125, DWL: USD 125. Presidente ****, SGL: USD 145, DWL: USD 145. Bauen ****, SGL: USD 110, DWL: USD 110. Wilton Palace ****, SGL: USD 98, DWL: USD 98. Salles ****, SGL: USD 88, DWL: USD 88. Phoenix Hotel ***, SGL: USD 75, DWL: USD 88. Promenade ***, SGL: USD 60, DWL: USD 70.

Please find here below a copy of the Congress Registration Form.

Registration Form

Last Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

First Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Title: _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Affiliation: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Mailing Address (Include Post Code): ________________________________________________________________________

Country: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Telephone: _______________ Fax: _______________E-mail: ____________________________________________________

Number of Accompanying Persons: _________________________________________________________________________

Topic/title for a possible paper to be submitted_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

I enclose herewith a money order for the amount

of ____________________________________________United States dollars, payable at bank _______________________

__________________________________________________________________________________of the city of La Plata.

I would like to make a reservation for ____single/double rooms at hotel __________________from ___/08/96 to ___/08/96.

 

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signature

Please direct correspondence, enquiries, completed registration form (a photocopy of the one above) and submissions to:

Asociación Argentina de Filosofía del Derecho, Calle 37 Nro. 268 entre 1 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina, tel: +54 21 24-2503, fax: +54 21 25-8816, E-mail: csmith@ada.info.unlp.edu.ar

19th IVR WORLD CONGRESS (NEW YORK, USA, JUNE 25-30, 1999)

The Organizing Committee of IVR-99 is pleased to announce that plans are well advanced for the 1999 World Congress that is to be held in New York City from the 25th to the 30th of June, 1999 at the campus of Pace University in lower Manhattan.

The theme of the Congress: The transformation of Legal Systems and Economies in an Age of Regional and Global Interdependence.

The programme tentatively includes the following sub-topics: (1) The Impact of Scientific Discovery and Technological Advances on Economic and Legal Institutions; (2) Multicultural Perspectives on Legal Reasoning, Epistemology, and Moral and Legal Norms; (3) The Transformation of Fundamental Legal Concepts: Sovereignty, Property, Personal and National Security, the Laws of War and Peace; (4) New Regional and International Alliances, the Amalgamation and Dissolution of Empires: Social, Economic, and Legal Implications; (5) International Business, Finance, and Industry: Evolving Concepts of Business Ethics and Law; (6) Civil Rights, Civil Liberties, and Liberal Democracy: Freedom of Speech, the Press, Assembly and Religion, and Evolving Concepts of Due Process and Equal Protection of the Laws; (7) The World of Nature and Natural Resources: Evolving National and International Norms; (8) Juridical Models: Old and New Constitutions and Political Systems; (9) Human Population Movements: National Borders, Asylum, Refuge, and Citizenship; (10) The Impact of Customary and Religious Law; (11) The Rights of Women, Indigenous Peoples, Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Minorities. Some of these topics will be the focus of plenary and parallel sessions.

The Programme Committee invites members of the IVR and its constituent organisations to submit nominations of persons they believe be invited to speak at plenary and parallel sessions. Such nominations should be submitted as soon as possible to the Programme Committee at this address: IVR-99, 105 Dow Hall, Pace University, Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510, USA. Phone: (914) 923-2637; Fax: (914) 923-2676; E-mail: leiser@pacevm.dac.pace.edu

20th IVR WORLD CONGRESS (AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, JUNE 20-24, 2001)

The 20th IVR World Congress is to be held in Amsterdam in 2001, and its topic is ìPluralism and Lawî. Some subthemes. (1) Justice: Human rights, Universal and local justice, Collective and minority rights, Globalizing the welfare state and pluralism; (2) The State: State, nation and world, Federalism, Relationship between international law and national law; (3) Global problems: Migration (political, economic), Development law and plurality of cultures; (4) Legal reasoning: Universal and particular aspects of legal reasoning, Legal reasoning and plurality of values, Legal expert systems.

Some organizing details. Congress Venue. Amsterdam, Free University, Tuesday 20 - Saturday 24 June, 2001. Daily programme. Estimated number of participants: 600. Speakers. 12 speakers for plenary sessions; 12 speakers for semi-plenary sessions. Workshops. Number: 432 (3 papers p/hour; 12 parallel-sessions; 3 hours a day; 4 days). Schedule: 9-11: plenary sessions (2 speakers); 11.30-12.30: workshops; 13.30-14.30: semi-plenary sessions (3 speakers); 14.30-16.30: workshops; 17.00-18.00: plenary session (1 speaker); Congress Dinner: Saturday; Excursions: Sunday. Organisation Committee: Arend Soeteman (President of the Committee), Ton Hol (President of the Dutch section), Roel de Lange, Cees Maris, Theo Rosier. Address: A. Soeteman, Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, tel: +31-20-4446252, fax: +31-20-4446210, E-mail: A.Soeteman@Rechten.VU.NL

IVR PRIZE 1997

Young scholars (under 35) are cordially invited to write a paper to be published in ARSP.

Papers submitted for the IVR Prize should deal with the subjects of the IVR World Congress on Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy to be held in La Plata/Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 10-15, 1997: ìThe Legal Systemî, ìArgumentation and Justificationî, ìLegal Logicî, ìLaw and Computer Scienceî, ìEthics, Justice and Lawî, ìPolitical and Social Philosophyî. They should be written in one of the ARSP languages: English, French, German or Spanish and not exceed the length of 18-20 pages including footnotes (about 2300 letters per page). Papers should be mailed to Gerhard Sprenger, Managing Editor of the ARSP, POB 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld. Deadline for submission is October 31, 1996. Only one submission by each competitor is allowed. Date of birth should be given.

To facilitate the assessment of papers, competitors who present their papers in French, German or Spanish are requested to add an English translation. The participation in the IVR Prize competition does not exclude the paper from being submitted to the Congress (for presentation in the working groups). The papers received will be read by a panel of referees appointed by the Executive Committee of the IVR in conjunction with the Editorial Board of the ARSP. The prize winner will be awarded DM 2,000 and be given the opportunity to deliver a special ìIVR Prize Lectureî at the La Plata/Buenos Aires World Congress of the IVR. His/Her paper will be published in the ARSP. The panel of referees can recommend other submitted papers for publication in the Congress Proceedings or in the ARSP.

IVR WEB PAGE

A Web page devoted to the IVR has been set up on Internet at the URL: http://www_ivr.cirfid.unibo.it/ivr/

The format of the IVR page is by now identical to the IVR Newsletter hard copy and is therefore divided into two main areas: (a) "IVR News", "IVR Announcements" and "IVR Chronological Summaries and Reminders", (b) "National Sections", divided in alphabetical order into as many Web pages as there are IVR National Sections and containing the three items "News", "Announcements" and "Records" to be run directly by each National Section.

Each National Section will be allotted (i) its own page on Web and (ii) an account, i.e., the possibility of constant access to the server via the network (using the Telnet or ftp protocols) to allow each National Section to set up its own page, update it and transfer the same to the IVR Web server; (iii) an e-mail address. Should the National Section already have its own e-mail address, all messages sent to the new address can be automatically redirected to the existing address on request.

Each National Section shall update its own page as follows: (1) If the national representative is familiar with the HTML programming and network file transfer techniques, he/she shall create three HTML pages in the directory corresponding to his/her country (entitled "news.htm", "annou.htm", "records.htm"), update them as instructed below and transfer the pages to the IVR server. (2) If the national representative is familiar with the HTML language and hence able to set up to pages, but unable to transfer the files via the network, he/she can send the pages to the IVR Web Master either (a) as an attachment to an e-mail message to www-maint@cirfid.unibo.it, or (b) on disk. In either case the Web Master will insert the pages in the network. (3) If the national representative has no access to network technology, he/she can still send the pages to be inserted on a disk in Word or RTF formats.

Please note that the Web Master cannot transcribe hard copy for the Web pages.

National Sections Web page update. On updating the National Sections pages each national representative shall only add information and not cancel data so that the Web Master can make regular two-monthly check on back-up information. When the back-up is completed, each National Section will be informed by e-mail that its information can be updated and the old pages cancelled. This back-up operation will serve to create an electronic IVR file alongside the traditional hard copy file.

Future programmes. The IVR Web page will evolve from being a simple framework for the IVR Newsletter into an electronic back-up file of each issue published. In addition, following the suggestions we hope to receive from the various National Sections we will be able to create a myriad of future possibilities offered by the Internet network (discussion lists, useful addresses and links, multimedial fora).

Any comments and/or suggestions on changing the format of the IVR Web page are welcome.

Giovanni Ziccardi

IVR Web Master

SECTION THREE: IVR RECORDS

IVR CONSTITUTION (from 26th August 1987, as amended on 24th August 1991)

§ 1 Name, Seat and Location of Office

1. This Association, which was founded on 1 October 1909, is called "Internationale Vereinigung für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie" (English: "International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy", French: "Association internationale de philosophie du droit et de philosophie sociale"); abbreviated in all three official languages as "IVR".

2. The IVR has its seat in Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany.

3. The location of the office of the IVR will be determined by the Executive Committee and made known in the journal "Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie".

4. The Association is registered at the Register of Association.

§ 2 Purpose

1. The Purpose of the Association is the cultivation and promotion of legal and social philosophy on the national and international level. The Association is open to every scholarly direction.

2. The Association does not pursue any economic goals; it does not serve the financial advantage of its members. No one may benefit from inappropriate rewards or payments.

3. In pursuit of its purpose, the Association will use all the means of scholarly activity as well as the means of the dissemination of scientific knowledge and of its public discussion. In particular, the following modes of operation are foreseen:

a) The international journal Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie (English: Archives for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, French: Archives de Philosophie du Droit et de Philosophie Sociale; abbreviated ARSP) will be published by authorization of the Association. It will appear four times a year.

b) From time to time the ARSP will issue Beihefte (special volumes).

c) The President will, as needed, publish a newspaper ("Newsletter") and send it to the national sections.

d) The Association as well as its national sections shall organize congresses, lectures, and other events of a similar nature. The national sections are autonomous with respect to the organization of their events and also solely responsible for their financial burdens.

§ 3 Members

1. Any individual interested in legal or social philosophy can become a member of the Association. Membership arises

a) through admission into a national section according to the conditions for admission of that section, or

b) through application to the International Association for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy and acceptance by the Executive Committee of the IVR.

2. Members of the IVR belonging to a national section pay their membership fees to the respective section according to its regulations. Members of the IVR not belonging to a national section pay their membership fees directly to the IVR. The amount and date of payment of these membership fees will be determined by the General Assembly.

3. Membership ends with the withdrawal or death of the member. If a member has not paid his dues for three years, he can be expelled by the body through which he was admitted.

§ 4 Supporting Members

1. Associations, federations, institutions, libraries and other corporate persons can, on the basis of a written declaration that they are willing to support the goals of the IVR by an appropriate contribution, receive the status of a "supporting member". The Executive Committee of the IVR decides whether to recognize this status. In the case of applicants for this status who lie within the sphere of action of a national section, the admissions decision will be made after consultation with the national section.

A list of supporting members will be printed yearly in the journal ARSP.

2. The supporting membership ends through a declaration to this effect by the supporting member or through a resolution of the Executive Committee of the IVR.

§ 5 Organizational Structure

1. The IVR is an association according to the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany. The national section of the Federal Republic of Germany is a section of the IVR; it functions and conducts its business just like any other national section. The national sections are associations in accordance with the laws of their own nations.

2. The Executive Committee decides on the acceptance of an association as a national section of the IVR.

3. The national sections may form subordinate sections according to need. These subordinate sections are connected with the IVR through their national sections.

4. The national sections may have various names; at least the subtitle should make clear their relationship to the IVR.

5. The national sections shall deliver annually to the IVR a part of the membership fee as determined by the Executive Committee.

6. The governing organs of the IVR are:

a) the General Assembly

b) the Executive Committee.

7. If need arises, the General Assembly can establish bodies for special tasks.

§ 6 General Assembly

1. The General Assembly is the highest organ of the IVR. It consists of the totality of the members of the IVR (§3, Sec.l). Each member attending the meeting of the General Assembly has a vote and the right to speak. Written statements by the members not present can be read to the General Assembly.

2. The ordinary General Assembly takes place every four years, where possible in conjunction with a world congress of the IVR.

3. The General Assembly will be called by the Executive Committee by publishing the agenda in an issue of the journal Archives for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, which should appear at least three months before the date of the General Assembly.

4. The chair of the meeting of the General Assembly is assumed by the President. In case of his disability, the General Assembly will elect one of the Vice-Presidents or another member to preside over the meeting.

5. The General Assembly elects the President, the Vice-Presidents and the other voting members of the Executive Committee as well as two auditors, who present a written report to the ordinary General Assembly.

6.The General Assembly decides by a simple majority of all members present the arrangements for the work of the Association, the basic elements of the budget, the election and retirement of the Executive Committee, the election of the auditors, and the approval of the accounts as well as the Procedural Rules of the IVR.

7. The General Assembly decides by a three-quarters majority of all members present concerning changes in the Constitution and the dissolution of the Association.

8. The General Assembly deals with the items on the agenda and draws up any necessary resolutions. The delegation of decisions to the Executive Committee is permitted. An expansion of the agenda is permitted only by two-thirds majority.

9. Minutes of the meetings of the General Assembly will be kept which will state all voting results and all resolutions passed. The minutes will be prepared by the Secretary General and will be countersigned by the President or the Acting Vice-President.

10. Details concerning the conduct of the General Assembly, especially the election and the taking of the minutes, will be established by the Procedural Rules.

§ 7 Extraordinary General Assembly

1. An extraordinary General Assembly shall be called by the President within one year whenever:

a) The Executive Committee agrees on this by a two-thirds majority, or

b) One-fourth of the national sections request this.

2. The proposal to hold an extraordinary General Assembly must be supported with reasons. The agenda for the extraordinary General Assembly will be drawn up by the Executive Committee in accordance with the proposal; the Executive Committee also determines the time and place of the extraordinary General Assembly.

3. An expansion of the agenda of an extraordinary General Assembly is not permitted.

4. An extraordinary General Assembly will be provided with an accounting report only when there are economic questions on its agenda.

§ 8 The Executive Committee

1. The Executive Committee is the highest executive organ of the IVR. The Executive Committee includes as voting members:

a) the President

b) at most four Vice-Presidents and

c) at most fifteen members and as nonvoting members:

d) the Secretary General

e) the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Archives for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, if he has not at the same time been elected a voting member.

2. The Executive Committee appoints, upon the request of the President, the Secretary General and the Treasurer. The Executive Committee shall give the Secretary General authority in writing to conduct the everyday affairs of the Association as defined by the Procedural Rules and in accordance with the directions of the Executive Committee and the instructions of the President. The written authority can also include the carrying out of particular tasks that do not fall within everyday affairs. The Treasurer shall be authorized in writing to carry out the everyday business activities. He is obligated to keep regular financial accounts. More serious financial decisions are incumbent upon the President. The budget is drawn up in co-operation with the President, the Secretary General and the Treasurer.

3. The Executive Committee appoints the Editor-in-Chief and the members of the Editorial Board of the Archives for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy.

4. The Executive Committee is empowered to conduct business if at least half of its voting members, including the President currently in office or a member of the Executive Committee authorized by him to chair the meeting, are present.

5. The Executive Committee makes decisions by a simple majority. In the event of a tie, the President shall decide.

6. The President can lay particular items of business before the Executive Committee for its decision by a circular letter.

7. The term of office for the Executive Committee is four years; it ends with the election of a new Executive Committee by an ordinary General Assembly (§ 6, Sec. 5 ).

8. More than one re-election of a voting member of the Executive Committee (§ 8, Sec. 1 (a) to (c)) in immediate succession is permitted only through individual vote of a two-thirds majority.

§ 9 The President

1. Legal representatives of the Association are the President and the Vice-Presidents. Each of them individually has power to act for the Association. Internally, a Vice-President may use his/her power to act for the Association only if the Executive Committee has appointed him/her as an Acting President until the next General Assembly or for a specified period of time in case of the death, resignation or permanent or temporary incapacitation of the President.

2. The President shall execute the resolution of the General Assembly and of the Executive Committee.

§ 10 Preparation for the Election

1. The Nomination Committee will be called by the President of the IVR before the General Assembly and sits with the presiding President. It includes the following voting members:

a) the members present of the Executive Committee of the IVR (§ 8, Sec. 1 (a) to (e) ),

b) one representative of each national section not represented by any committee member through (a) above, c) one representative of the members of the IVR who are not members of any national section.

2. The task of the Committee is the nomination of the President, the Vice Presidents, the other members of the Executive Committee and the Auditors as well as the members of other bodies in so far as such members have been introduced and are to be elected by the General Assembly.

3. The nominations shall take into account not only the need to preserve the international character of the Executive Committee and the most balanced representation of scholarly interests and diverse doctrines in philosophy of law and social philosophy but also the need for representation of different continents and nations. The nominations shall, when possible, be put forth so that at least one third of the members of the outgoing Executive Committee are carried over into the incoming Executive Committee and at least one-third are not carried over.

4. The nominations may contain various alternatives.

5. The competence of the Nomination Committee according to these provisions does not exclude nominations by the members attending the General Assembly.

6. The Committee can also nominate canditates for Honorary President.

7. Specific details concerning the nominating procedures shall be included in the Procedural Rules.

§ 11 Honorary Titles

On the Basis of a recommendation by the Nomination Committee, the ordinary General Assembly can award the title "Honorary President of the International Association for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy" under the following conditions:

a) the candidate has achieved great distinction in the sphere of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy and

b) the candidate has provided extraordinary service to the IVR.

§ 12 Amendment of the Constitution

The ordinary General Assembly can enact an amendment to the Constitution only when the amendment was contained as an item on the agenda in the announcement of the General Assembly.

§ 13 Dissolution of the Association

In the event of the dissolution of the Association, the capital in hand shall, with the permission of the financial authorities, be handed over to a scholarly society whose work is closest to the purpose of the IVR.

§ 14 Effective Date of the Constitution

This Constitution replaces the hitherto valid Constitution of 1 September 1979. It shall become effective as of February 25, 1992. Its text shall be published within the year in the Archives for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy.

CURRENT IVR OFFICIALS

Honorary Presidents. Junichi Aomi (Japan), Norberto Bobbio (Italy), Arthur Kaufmann (Germany), Hermann Klenner (Germany), Miguel Reale (Mexico), Carl Wellman (USA), Arthur F. Utz (Switzerland).

Executive Committee 1995-99. President: Enrico Pattaro (Italy). Vice-Presidents: Eugenio Bulygin (Argentina), Mikael Karlsson (Iceland), Rex Martin (USA), Aleksander Peczenik (Sweden). Other Members: Manuel Atienza Rodriguez (Spain), Elspeth Attwooll (UK), Yadh Ben Achour (Tunisia), Wesley Cragg (Canada), Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki (Poland), Tscholsu Kim (Korea), Werner Krawietz (Germany), Vladik S. Nersessiants (Russia), Sofia Popescu (Rumania), Wojciech Sadurski (Australia), Setsuko Sato (Japan), Arend Soeteman (The Netherlands), Rolando Tamayo y Salmorán (Mexico), Michel Troper (France), Kaarlo Tuori (Finland). ARSP Editor in Chief: Werner Maihofer (Germany). Secretary General: Giusella Finocchiaro (Italy).

REPORTS BY THE TREASURERS, JANUARY 1995 - JUNE 1996

Financial Statement 1995 (January 1 - June 10) by Jan-R. Sieckmann

Financial Statement 1995 (June 10 - December 31) by Giusella Finocchiaro

 Financial Statement 1996 (January 1 - June 1) by Giusella Finocchiaro

CURRICULA VITAE OF EC MEMBERS

The curricula vitae of IVR Executive Committee members will be published as we receive them. All EC Members and the Presidents of National Sections are invited to send us their curricula vitae according to the format of those published herein.

Elspeth Attwooll

School of Law, Stair Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow-G12 8QQ, tel: 0141-339 8855, fax: 0141-330 5140.

Since 1966, apart from a short-term secondment to the International Labour Office, Elspeth Attwooll has been involved in teaching and research in Legal Theory and Comparative Law in the Faculty of Law and Financial Studies in the University of Glasgow, where she is a past Convener of the School of Law.

She has both edited and contributed to a number of collections of essays, the most recent being Studies in Legal Systems/ Mixed and Mixing, (Kluwer Law International) with co-editors Esin Orücü and Sean Coyle and Constitutionalism, Sovereignty and Democracy: American and European Perspectives (Avebury Press) edited by Richard Bellamy, as well as having published a number of papers in legal journals. She has a forthcoming monograph entitled The Tapestry of the Law (under contract with Kluwer Academic Press).

Her current research interests include the theory of international law and work of William Galbraith Miller (1848-1904) and his place in the tradition of Scottish legal philosophy. The two came together in an article published in the Juridical Review, entitled "William Galbraith Miller, Humanitarian Intervention and International Law". She is currently working on a monograph on Miller , on co-editing one of the collection of papers from the Bologna World Congress and is projected chief editor of a volume of essays on the treatment of non-state subjects in international law. She has served on the Executive Committee of the UK section of the IVR and is currently on the editorial board of its journal, Res Publica.

Elspeth Attwooll has also had a continuing involvement in various areas of public law, having served on the Law Society of Scotland Working Party on Administrative Law and on the Scottish Constitutional Convention, as well as having advised a number of organisations on the framing or amending of their constitutions. She has also served on the committees of several voluntary groups in the area of Glasgow in which she lives.

Wesley Cragg

Faculty of Administrative Studies, York University, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 North York, Ontario, Canada, tel: +1-416-736 2100 (Ext. 20686), fax: +1-416-736 5687, E-mail: AS001417@ORION.YORKU.CA

George R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics. Wesley Cragg graduated from the University of Alberta with an Honours B.A. and an M.A. In 1964 he won a Rhodes Scholarship which took him to Oxford for three years of post graduate work in philosophy culminating in two degrees, a B.Phil. and a D.Phil. In 1967, he joined the faculty of Laurentian University.

He has taught for LíUniversité Canadienne en France and as Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Western Ontario. Appointed George R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics in July 1992, he is currently responsible for encouraging and co-ordinating research and curriculum development on the ethical dimensions of public, para-public, not-for-profit and private sector management and administration for the Faculty of Administrative Studies at York University.

Wesley Cragg has published widely in Canadian and international journals on topics in: applied and practical ethics; business ethics; moral, political and social philosophy; philosophy of law; philosophy of punishment; the history of ideas; the philosophy of perception; epistemology. His books include the following titles: Contemporary Moral Issues (McGraw/Hill Ryerson) which has appeared in English in three editions and in French in three volumes, Challenging the Conventional (Trinity Press) with co-editors Lawrence LaRouche and Gertrud Lewis; Retributivism and Its Critics (Steiner, Stuttgart); and most recently The Practice of Punishment: Toward a Theory of Restorative Justice (Routledge). In 1992 he edited a special edition of The Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence entitled ìReflections on Sentencing and Correctionsî.

His current research includes issues in business and occupational ethics, environmental ethics, philosophy of law, philosophy of punishment and moral education. He is currently President of the Canadian Philosophical Association, Executive Director of the Canadian Section of the Society for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy and member of the international executive committee of the same organization and a member of the editorial boards of Interchange, and The Journal of Business Ethics.

Wesley Cragg has participated as a volunteer with several local, provincial and national organizations. From 1989 to 1991 he served as President of the John Howard Society of Canada. He is currently Chair of the Ontario John Howard Education and Reform Committee. He is an active member of the United Church of Canada.

Rex Martin

16c Northmoor Road, Oxford OX2 6UP, England, tel: 1865-59304, fax: 1865-59304, E-mail: 3950252@mcimail.com

(b. 1935) received his B.A. degree, in History, from Rice University (in Houston, Texas) and his M.A. and Ph.D., in Philosophy, from Columbia University (in New York City). He also studied at New College, the University of Edinburgh (Scotland) for a year under a grant from the Society for Religion in Higher Education. He has held a Fulbright Research Fellowship at the University of Helsinki (Finland) and research fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Rockefeller Foundation.

He has held visiting teaching appointments at Mount Vernon College (Washington, D.C.), the University of Auckland (New Zealand), and the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney (Australia). He has been a visiting research fellow in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ (Spring 1984) and in the Centre for Philosophy and Public Affairs at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland (Spring 1991). He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas, in Lawrence, where he has been since 1968. From January 1995, he has held, jointly with his position in the U.S., an appointment as Professor of Political Theory and Government in the University of Wales, Swansea, and is Professorial Fellow at the Collingwood Centre there. He has been active in the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR) and has been a member of the IVR Executive Committee since 1991 and is currently Vice President, 1995-99.

He was President of the American Section of IVR in 1993-1995. He also served as Chair of the American Philosophical Associations Committee on Philosophy and Law during that same period, 1992-1995. His fields of major interest are political and legal philosophy (in particular rights, and economic justice), history of political thought, and philosophy of history. He is the author of several articles in these fields as well as of three books: Historical Explanation: Re-enactment and Practical Inference (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977), Rawls and Rights (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1985), and A System of Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). And he and Mark Singer are the editors of G. C. MacCallum, Legislative Intent, and Other Essays on Law, Politics and Morality (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993). He is currently editing the revised edition of R. G. Collingwoods, Essay on Metaphysics for the Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press.

Enrico Pattaro

CIRFID, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, tel.: +39-(0)51-277211, fax: +39-(0)51-260782, E-mail: pattaro@cirfid.unibo.it

Born in Rome, April 8, 1941. Graduated in Law ìSumma cum Laudeî, University of Bologna, 1964. Member of the IVR-Italian Section, 1966-present. "Libero Docente" (Ph. D.) in Philosophy of Law, 1971. Member of the Bar Association, Verona District, 1975-present. Full Professor of Philosophy of Law (tenure), University of Bologna, 1976-present. IVR-EC member, 1987-present. IVR President, 1995-present.

Other University Positions. Dean of the Law Faculty, University of Bologna, 1977-79. Member of: Board of Directors of the University of Bologna, 1980-89; Research Centre for Epistemology and History of Science, University of Bologna, 1987-present. Promoter (with others) of the Ph.D. Course and Professor of Analytical Philosophy and Theory of Law, University of Milan, 1982-89. Founder of CIRFID (Research Centre for Legal Philosophy and Computer Science), University of Bologna, and Director 1986-present. Founder of the Ph.D. Course in Law and Computer, University of Bologna, and Director 1988-present. Chairman of the Libraries Scientific Council of the University of Bologna, 1989-91.

Main Research Fields. General Jurisprudence, History of Legal Ideas, Law and Computer, Legal System. Author of 8 books and another 150 works, including: Il pensiero giuridico di L. A. Muratori tra metodologia e politica, Giuffrè, Milan, 1974; Filosofía del derecho, derecho y ciencia jurídica, Reus, Madrid, 1980; Lineamenti per una teoria del diritto, Clueb, Bologna, 1985; Temi e problemi di filosofia del diritto, Clueb, Bologna, 1994; Ethical Aspects of the Concept of Legal Standard, in ìPrescriptive Formality and Normative Rationality in Modern Legal Systemsî, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1994; Interprétation, Systématisation et Science Juridique, in ìInterprétation et Droitî, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1995. Editorship. Founder and chief editor of: ìLegal Philosophical Library. An International Series on Philosophy and Theory of Lawî, Clueb, Bologna, 1980-83 and then Giuffrè, Milan, 1984-present (published vols.: 9); ìFilosofia, Informatica, Diritto. Collanaî, Clueb, Bologna, 1987-present (published vols.: 6); ìMiscellanea del CIRFIDî, Clueb, Bologna, 1990-present (published vols.: 11); ìRatio Juris. An International Journal in Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophyî, Basil Blackwell, Oxford and Cambridge-Mass., 1987-present; ìEuropean Journal of Law, Philosophy and Computer Scienceî, Clueb, Bologna, 1994-present. Member of Advisory and/or Editorial Board of: ìArchivios Latino-americanos de Metodología y Filosofía del Derechoî, Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela, 1985-present; ìCurrent Legal Theory. International Journal for Documentation on Legal Theoryî, Acco, Leuven, 1983-89, and then Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, 1990-present; ìArtificial Intelligence and Lawî, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1992-present; ìAnuario de Filosofía Jurídica y Socialî, Sociedad Chilena de Filosofía Jurídica y Social, Valparaiso, 1992-present. Main speaker in national and international conferences. Invited speaker at Italian, European and American Universities.

Scientific Associations. Member of: IVR Italian Section EC, 1983-89; Italian Centre for the Prevention and Social Defence, 1984-present; IASL-International Association for the Semiotics of Law, 1986-present; Research Committee on Sociology of Law, International Sociological Association, 1986-present; Advisory Board of the Programme, then Centre, for Semiotic Research in Law, Government and Economics, Pennsylvania State University, 1986-present; International Bentham Society, 1987-present; Association International de Méthodologie Juridique, 1987-present; International Association for History and Computing, 1989-present; the Academy of Sciences, Bologna, 1989-present; Board of Advisors of the ìBartolomé de Las Casasî Institute of Human Rights, Carlos III University, Madrid, 1989-present. Founder (with others) of the European Association for the Teaching of Legal Theory, and member of the Board of Directors 1989-present; Founder of the European Network of Law, Philosophy and Computer Science, and Director 1993-present.

Aleksander Peczenik

University of Lund, Juridiska Institutionen Juridicum, Box 207, 22100 Lund-Sweden, tel: 0046-46-108070, fax: 0046-46-2224433, E-mail: ALEKSP@ibm186.jur.lu.se

Current position: Professor of Jurisprudence, University of Lund, Sweden, Faculty of Law. Born Cracow, Poland, Nov. 16, 1937, s. Karol and Zofia (Ringel) P.; m. Irena Nowak, Apr. 7, 1960; 1 son Karol. Grad. LL.M., Cracow U., 1960. LL.D., Cracow U., 1963. LL.D.habil., Cracow U., 1966.; JK, Stockholm U. 1975; Ph.D. (philos.) Lund U., 1983. Asst., sr. asst. in Jurisprudence Cracow (Poland) U., 1960-66; ass. prof. in methodology of law, Katowice, Poland, 1966-69; asst. prof. jurisprudence, Stockholm (Sweden) U., 1969-75; sr. lectr. in law Lund, Sweden, 1975-78, prof. jurisprudence, 1978. Vice-President of Int. Ass for Philos. of Law and Soc. Philos. (42 sections). Former President of the Swed. Section of the organisation.

Author of ca. 200 works including books: Wartosc Naukowa dogmatyki prawa, 1966 (habil. dis.); Essays in Legal Theory, 1970 (foreword by Alf Ross); Juridikens metoproblem, 1974; Causes and Damages, 1979; Basis of Legal Justification, 1983; Rätten och förnuftet, 1986; On Law and Reason, 1989; Juridisk argumentation (together with Aulis Aarnio and Gunnar Bergholtz), 1990. Vad ar ratt, 1995. Juridikens teori och metod, 1995. Plenary reports at World Congress of Intern. Ass. for Philos. of Law and Soc. Philos. Basle 1979 and Edinburgh, 1989. Current project: Coherence in Law.

Setsuko Sato

6-9-46 Sasage, Konan-Ku, Yokohama 234, Japan, tel: 0081-45-8456930, fax: 0081-45-8456930, E-mail: QZY12176@niftyserve.or

Setsuko Sato (b. 1928) graduated from Hitotsubashi University (a national university in Tokio), and received her M. A. degree in law from the same university in 1956. Since 1959 she has taught legal philosophy, history of legal ideas, occasionally introduction to jurisprudence, in Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokio. From 1969 to 1971 she stayed in Lund, Sweden, in order to study the Uppsala philosophy of law. Her field of interest is mainly analysis of the fundamental legal concepts from the realistic point of view which has been developed under the name "Uppsala School". She is the author of approximately 20 articles in this field. The main articles and books are as follows: On the concept of binding force (1978), The concept of intention, command and duty according to Axel Hägerström (1981), Is "right" a scientific concept? (1982), What differences are there between natural law theory and legal positivism? (1988), The validity of a constitution established through a revolution. The case of Japan (1991), What is Ego in a claim of the right to decide by myself? (1995), The analysis of concept of right including newly proposed rights (1995), A sociological study of the concept of ought (1995). She is also a translator of the books Law as fact by Karl Olivecrona (1939), and Recht, Pflicht und bindende Kraft des Vertrages nach römischer und naturrechtlicher Anschauung by Axel Hägerström (1965). Her present interest is to investigate how it is possible to adapt fundamental legal concepts which have been developed in the Western way of thinking to the Eastern, and to know the differences in the Eastern way of looking at nature from the Western. Setsuko Sato had several functions within the university as well as outside. She was a dean of faculty of law (1979-81), EC member of the Association of Legal Philosophy in Japan (1975-1995), Vice-president of IVR World Congress in Kobe 1987, President of IVR Japan (1988-1990), member of Science Council of Japan (1987-89), member of the Council of Ethics for Medical Doctors in Ministry of Health & Welfare in Japan (since 1990).

Arend Soeteman

Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, tel: 0031-20-4446325, fax: 0031-20-4446210, E-mail: a.soeteman@rechten.vu.nl

Arend Soeteman (1944) studied law at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam (1962-1968). He worked as assistant in law and assistant professor at the Vrije Universiteit (1966-1972) and the Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht (1973-1985). Ph.D. in philosophy Rijksuniversiteit Leiden 1981. Since 1985 he is professor in jurisprudence and philosophy of law at the Vrije Universiteit.

Arend Soeteman had a number of functions within the university as well as outside it. He was president of a school board, a church council and the theatre and concert building in Haarlem. He also has been president of the Dutch Association for Philosophy of Law (1987-1995). At present he is president of the Dutch Committee on Conscientious Objection against Military Duty, member of the Dutch Academy of Sciences (Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen), president of the research programme ìEthics and Policyî of the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), member of the executive committee of the IVR, dean of the faculty of law of the Vrije Universiteit and member of the board of the College of Deans of this university.

Arend Soeteman is active member of the Dutch Reformed Church and has a number of functions within this church. His main fields of interest are (logical aspects of) legal reasoning and political philosophy. He has written a number of books and papers in Dutch. A selection: Norm en Logica. Opmerkingen over logica en rationaliteit in het normatief redeneren, met name in het recht, 2nd ed. W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1983. Machtig Recht, Een inleiding tot denken over recht, 2nd ed., Samson H.D.Tjeenk Willink, Alphen a.d. Rijn, 1990. Hercules aan het werk. Over de rol van rechtsbeginselen in het recht, Ars Aequi, Oktober 1991, blz. 744/028-756/040. De onwaardige deelgenoot, Filosofische annotatie bij HR 7 december 1990, Nl 1991, 593, in: Rechtsfilosofie & Rechtstheorie,1993, blz. 125-136.

His publications in English include: Deduction in Law, in: F.H. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, J.A. Blair, C.H. Willards (eds.), Argumentation: Analysis and Practics, vol. 3B, Foris Publications, Dordrecht. Weak and Strong Permission in the Law, in A. Frandberg and M. van Hoecke, The Structure of Law, Iustus Forlag, Uppsala, 1987, blz.21-35. Logic in Law, Remarks on Logic and Rationality in Normative Reasoning, Especially in Law, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1989. Liberal moralism in law, in: A.W. Musschenga et al. (eds), Morality, Worldview and Law. Legal Philosophy, in: J.M.J. Chorus, P.H.M. Gerver, E.H. Hondius and A.K. Koekkoek, Introduction to Dutch Law for Foreign Lawyers, Second revised edition, Kluwer, Deventer-Boston, 1993. Two forthcoming publications in English are: Formal Aspects of Legal Reasoning, Argumentation, 1996. Legal Moralism in Liberal Communities, to appear in Festschrift Jan Broekman.

Michel Troper

Université de Paris X, 200, Avenue de la République, 92001 Nanterre Cedex, France, tel: 1 40 97 76 13, fax: 1 47 2167 44, E-mail: troper@ext.jussieu.fr

Né à Paris, le 9 août 1938. 9, villa de Fontenay, 75019 Paris, tél: 42021316.

1959: Diplôme de líInstitut díÉtudes Politiques de Paris; 1960: Diplôme de líINSEAD, Fontainebleau; 1967: Docteur en Droit, titre de la thèse: La séparation des pouvoirs et líHistoire constitutionnelle francaise; Directeur de thèse: Charles Eisenmann; 1968: Agrégé des Facultés de Droit (Droit public et science politique); 1969-1978: professeur à la Faculté de Droit de Rouen. Depuis 1978: Professeur à l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre (droit constitutionnel, théorie générale du droit), Directeur du Centre de Théorie du Droit de l'Université de Paris X, Membre de l'Institut Universitaire de France, Président honoraire de la Société Française pour la Philosophie Juridique et Politique (SFPJ).

Principales Publications (Ouvrages): La séparation des pouvoirs et l'histoire constitutionnelle française, Paris, LGDJ, 26ème édit., 1978. Avec G. Burdeau et F. Hamon, Droit constitutionnel, Paris, LGDJ, 24ème édit., 1995. Avec C. Gregorczyck, F. Michaut (sous la dir.), Le positivisme juridique, Paris, LGDJ, 1993. Pour une théorie juridique de l'État, Paris, PUF, 1994. Avec M. Karlsson (ed.), Law, Justice and the State II. The Nation, the State and Democracy, ARSP, Beiheft Nr. 59, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995. F. Michaut, (sous la dir.), L'enseignement de la philosophie du droit, Paris, LGDJ, à paraître.

SECTION FOUR: IVR CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARIES AND REMINDERS

IVR LATEST EVENTS

• Bologna, Italy, June 16-21, 1995: 17th IVR World Congress "Challenges to Law at the End of the 20th Century".
• Bologna, Italy, June 16, 1995: IVR EC Meeting.
• Bologna, Italy, June 16, 1995: IVR Nomination Committee Meeting.
• Bologna, Italy, June 18, 1995: Meeting of the Presidents of IVR National Sections.
• Bologna, Italy, June 18, 1995: Meeting of the ARSP Editorial Board.
• Bologna, Italy, June 19, 1995: IVR General Assembly.
• Bologna, Italy, June 19, 1995: IVR EC Meeting.
• Bologna, Italy, June 20, 1995: IVR EC Meeting.
• Bologna, Italy, October 26, 1995: Meeting between the IVR President Enrico Pattaro, the IVR Vice-President Eugenio Bulygin and the President of the Argentinean IVR Section Juan Carlos Smith with reference to the organization of the forthcoming 18th IVR World Congress.
• Bologna, Italy, March 16-17, 1996: Meeting of a Special Committee appointed by the Executive Committee in Bologna, June, 1995. The IVR President Enrico Pattaro, the IVR Vice-President Mikael Karlsson, the IVR EC Member Werner Krawietz and the ARSP Managing Editor Gerhard Sprenger met to organize the publication of 17th IVR World Congress Proceedings.
• Lund (Sweden), June 16-17, 1996: IVR EC Meeting.
• Lund (Sweden), June 17, 1996: Seminar in memoriam of Eugene Kamenka.

IVR FUTURE EVENTS

• La Plata/Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 10-15, 1997: 18th IVR World Congress.
• La Plata/Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 1997: IVR EC Meeting.
• New York, USA, June 25-29, 1999: 19th IVR World Congress.
• New York, USA, June 1999: IVR EC Meeeting.
• New York, USA, June 1999: IVR Nomination Committee Meeting.
• New York, USA, June 1999: Meeting of the Presidents of IVR National Sections.
• New York, USA, June 1999: IVR General Assembly.
• Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 20-24, 2001: 20th IVR World Congress.

REMINDERS

• October 31, 1996: Deadline for submission of papers for the IVR Prize 1997.
• December 1, 1996: Deadline for receipt of material for the next issue of the IVR Newsletter.
• To date only 11 National Sections have regularly paid their dues to IVR. Other Sections are urged to pay their dues as soon as possible to IVR Account no. 020 2500119, Deutsche Bank SpA, Via Marconi 13, I-40122 Bologna, Italy, Deutitmmpad ABI 3104 CAB 2400.
  

SECTION FIVE: NATIONAL SECTIONS NEWS, ANNOUNCEMENTS AND RECORDS

We print below the news, announcements and records we received from the National Sections by June 30, 1996.

The national sections of IVR are urged to send regular information which should be divided into the three categories "News", "Announcements" and "Records" in line with the format of the IVR Web page (see on p. 10).

AMINTAPHIL

Announcements. Amintaphil will be holding its next conference October 31 - November 3, 1996 at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. The topic of the meeting will be Groups, Justice, and Democratic Institutions.

Records. Current Officials: President: Diana Tietjens Meyers. Department of Philosophy, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269-2054-USA, tel: 860-486-3587, fax: 860-486-0387, E-mail: dmeyers@uconnvm.uconn.edu . Executive Director: Robert Moffat. Law School, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611-7625-USA, tel: 352-392-2245, fax: 352-392-3005, E-mail: moffat@law.ufl.edu

ARGENTINA

Records. Current Officials. President: Juan Carlos Smith. Calle 37 n. 268, 1900 La Plata-Argentina, tel: 0054-21-242503, fax: 0054-21-258816, E-mail: c.smith@ada.info.unlp.edu. Secretary: Eduardo Luis Tinant. Calle 3, 1188, 1900 La Plata-Argentina.

AUSTRIA

Records. Current Officials. President: Michael Fischer. Institut für Rechtsphilosophie, A-5020 Salzburg, Churfürststraße 1, tel: 0662-8044-3556. Secretary: Michaela Strasser. Institut für Rechtsphilosophie, A-5020 Salzburg, Churfürststraße 1, tel: 0662-8044-3551, fax: 0662-8044-302. Treasurer: Dorothea Mayer-Maly. Institut für Rechtsphilosophie, Franziskanergasse 7, A-5020 Salzburg-Austria.

AUSTRALIA

News. ASLP Annual General Meeting. The 1995 AGM was held at the University of Queensland on 27 October 1995. After elections held at the meeting, the current members of the Executive Committee of the ASLP are: Alan Fogg (President); Nicholas Aroney (Secretary); Alexander Bates (Treasurer); Adrian Diethelm (co-opted member) (General Editor); Suri Ratnapala (co-opted member of University of Queensland). The Vice-Presidents remain as before: Sandra Berns (Griffith); Tom Campbell (ANU); Jeffrey Goldsworthy (Monash); Alice Tay (Sydney); William van Caenegem (Bond). After the AGM Suri Ratnapala read a paper on ìEnglish Conservatism vs Hayekî.

Recent Publications. Tom Campbell (Law, Australian National University) and Wojciech Sadurski (Jurisprudence, Sydney) (eds.), Freedom of Communication, Dartmouth, Adelshot, 1994. Suri Ratnapala and G. A. Moens (both Law, Queenland) (eds.), Jurisprudence of Liberty, Butterworths, Sydney, 1996.

Announcements. Australian Society of Legal Philosophy, 1996 Annual Conference, 7-9 July, University of Queensland.

Conference programme:

Sunday, 7 July. 8.45-9.10: Registration.

Senate Room. 9.10-9.15: Welcome.

9.15-9.55: Jeffrey Goldsworthy (Monash University), "Legislative Intention in Statutory Interpretation".

9.55-10.40: Barbara Hocking (barrister, Melbourne), "The Poverty of Law and Philosophy: Some Reflections on the Mabo Case and Human Rights".

10.40-11.00: Coffee.

11.00-11.45: David Wood (University of Melbourne), "Substantial Fairness and Contracts".

11.45-12.30: Nicholas Aroney (University of Queensland), "Legal Reasoning Constitutional Implications".

12.40-2.00: Lunch.

2.00-2.45: Sandra Berns (Griffith University), "Judgment as Narrative: Polyvocality to Narrative Coherence".

2.45-3.30: Graeme Orr (Griffith University), "Ballotless and Behind Bars: Australian Electoral Law and the Denial of the Vote to Prisoners".

3.30-3.50: Coffee.

3.50-4.35: Peter Johnston (University of Western Australia), "Representative Democracy and the Relationship to Political Equality".

4.35-5.20: Hon. Kevin Ryan (University of Queensland), "Carl Schmitt: The Constitution of an Authoritarian State".

Annexe

11.00-11.45: Jane Chester (Griffith University), "Constitutionally Male: Law, Rights and Democracy".

11.45-12.30: Barbara Ann Hocking (Queensland University of Technology), "Mens Rea and Conspiracy: Is there a Feminist Perspective on Criminal Conspiracy?".

2.00-2.45: Siow, Weng Nian (Charles Sturt University), "The Rule of Law: Racist, White or Racialised?".

2.45-3.30: Mynt Zan (University of New England), "Aspects of Burmese Legal Culture, Constitutions and Constitutionalism".

3.30-3.50: Coffee.

3.50-4.35: Charles Edwards (Edith Cowan University), "Are Natural Rights Legally Enforceable?".

Monday, 8 July. Joint sessions with AAP.

9.00-10.30, Goddard Building, Room 139: Bruce Chapman, University of Toronto, "More Easily Done than Said: Rules, Reasons and Rational Choice (also joint with IEPS)".

10.30-11.00: Coffee.

11.00-12.30, Goddard Building, Room 212: Richard Warner (Chicago-Kent College of Law), "Comparing and Excluding Reasons".

12.30-2.00: Lunch.

2.00-3.30, Goddard Building, Room 212: Richard Holton (Monash University), "Legal Positivism and the Internal Stance".

3.30-4.00: Coffee.

4.00-5.30, Goddard Building, Room 212: Pamela Gray (Charles Sturt University), "The Theory of Three Dimensional Legal Logic".

5.45, Common Room, Forgan Smith Building, Room W341: ASLP Annual General Meeting.

Tuesday, 9 July. Joint sessions with AAP.

9.00-10.30, Goddard Building, Room 212: Jarnes Nickel (University of Colorado), "What the Bilateral Nature of Liberties Tells Us about Justifications of Liberties".

10.30-11.00: Coffee.

11.00-12.30, Goddard Building, Room 212: Andrew Giles-Peters (La Trobe University), "Capital Punishment and the Social

Contract".

Julius Stone Symposium, University of New South Wales, Thursday, 1 August 1996.

On Thursday 1 August 1996 at 6.00 pm the University of New South Wales Law School is holding a symposium to examine the influence of the scholarship of Julius Stone upon Australian jurisprudence in the 50th anniversary of the publication of his major work, The Province and Function of Law, and the 30th anniversary of the completion of the successor trilogy. Professor Stone was a visiting professor at the University of New South Wales from 1973 until his death in 1985.

At the symposium the plenary paper will be delivered by Tony Blackshield with commentaries by the Hon Justice Michael Kirby AC CMG and Mr Ezekiel Solomon, partner of Allen Allen & Hemsley. His Excellency the Hon Gordon Samuels AC will preside at the symposium.

There is no charge for attendance but those attending are requested to register with Mrs Pat Coleman, tel: 02 385 2811 (after 1/7/96 - 02 9385 2811), fax: 02 385 1245 (after 1/7/96 - 02 9385 1245).

Records. Current Officials. President: Alan Fogg. Faculty of Law, University of Queensland, QLD 4072-Australia. Secretary: Nicholas Aroney. Faculty of Law, University of Queensland, QLD 4072-Australia. Treasurer: Alexander Bates. Faculty of Law, University of Queensland, QLD 4072-Australia.

BELGIUM

News. The Belgian Section of IVR met on Tuesday 30th January 1996. The meeting took note of the retirement of Jan Broeckman of the Katholieke Universiteit Brussel (KUB), the Section President. The Section elected Mark Van Hoecke of the KUB as President and Mr Benoît Frydman, Maître de conférences at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, as Secretary.

Records. Current Officials. President: Mark Van Hoecke. Katholieke Universiteit Brussel - Vrijheidslaan, 17 - B - 1080 Brussel. Secretary: Benoît Frydman. Faculté de Droit, Centre de Philosophie du Droit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue P. Heger, 6 (CP 132) - Niveau 5-110, B-1050 Bruxelles, tel: 02/650 38 84, fax: 02/650 40 07.

BRAZIL

Records. Current Officials. President: Miguel Reale. Av. 9 de Julho, 3. 147 - 6. andar, 01407-000 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil, fax: (005511) 885-9397. Secretary: Tércio Sampaio Ferraz Júnior. Rua Armando Penteado, 304. 01242-010 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil, fax: (005511) 825-8695. Treasurer: Celso Lafer. Rua Santa Isabel, 160 - c/23, 01221-010 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil, fax: (005511) 825-8695.

BULGARIA

News. L'Association bulgare de philosophie sociale a organisé deux tables rondes. La première, Le droit à la fin du XX siècle, a eu lieu le 15 décembre 1995. La deuxième, État et Constitution, a eu lieu le 5 juin 1996.

Recent Publications: Par l'aide de l'Association on a reussi à traduir en bulgare et à préparer l'édition de deux livres importants: Bobbio, N., Il futuro della democrazia, (déjà paru), et Troper, M., Pour une théorie juridique de l'État, (à paraitre au mois d'octobre). L'Association a aussi l'ambition à traduir en bulgare certaines communications, présentées au Congrès de Bologne. La première, celle de Luigi Ferrajoli, est déjà parue.

Records. Current Officials. President: Neno Nenovsky. Insitut du Droit, 4, rue Serdica, 1000 - Sofia, Bulgarie. Vice-President: Gueorgui Boytchev. Secretary: Daniel Valtchev. Université de Sofia "S. Climent d'Ohrid", 15, blv. "Tsar Osvoboditel", 1000 - Sofia, Bulgarie, tel: +359 281 5577, fax: +359 2 81 38 81. Treasurer: Valentin Gueorguiev.

CANADA

News. The 1995 meeting of the IVR Canadian Section (CS-IVR) was held at The University of Quebec at Montréal in June. The themes set for the 1995 meeting were: The public/private dichotomy in political and legal theory; The work of H. L. Hart; Work in progress, including papers for the Bologna conference. Papers were presented on public versus private good and self-identification, issues in legal responsibility and defences; the work of several legal theorists; and on human rights and childrenís rights.

The 1996 meetings of the IVR Canadian Section (CS-IVR) are being held at Brock University, St. Catherine, Ontario, in June. The themes for paper presentations and discussion are: Law and the Environment; Issues in Group Rights and Sovereignty; Work in Progress. Future topics for the CS-IVR may include: The feature of Judging; Crimes and Torts, Constitutionalism; Responsibility.

Records. Current Officials. President: Brenda M. Baker. Department of Philosophy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta- Canada, tel: (403) 220-5532, fax: (403) 289-5698, E-mail: bmbaker@acs.ucalgary.ca. Secretary: Wesley Cragg. Schulich School of Business-200G, York University 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, tel: (416) 736-2100 (ext. 20686), fax: (416) 736-5687, E-mail: AS001417@orion.yorku.ca

CHINA, P.R.

News. From 1994 to 1996 the IVR China Section held three national academic conferences, each conference enjoying participation of 100 to 120 attendants and has additionally organized ten local seminars on jurisprudence: 1. Reform of the Legal Systems and the Development of Jurisprudence in China (a National Jurisprudence Conference held in 1994); 2. Chinese Jurisprudence towards the 21st Century (a National Jurisprudence Conference held in 1995); 3. The Policy of One Country, Two Systems and the Construction of the Legal System (a National Jurisprudence Conference already held in 1996).

The 14th LAWASIA Conference was held from August 16 to 20, 1995 in Beijing (Peopleís Republic of China) hosted by the China Law Society. The main session was devoted to the issue: ìThe Importance of Law in the Development of Asian Pacific Economies towards the 21st Century.î The session topics were: Improvement of Business Law Legislation and Development of Regional Economic Co-operation; Improving the Investment Environment and Facilitating the Introduction of Foreign Capital; Harmonisation of Interrelationship and Maintenance of Regional Stability; Strengthening Legal Education and Promotion of Legal Services; Expectation for Future Development and Prospects for Legal Co-operation.

Records. Current Officials. President: Liu Shengping. Law Department of Beijing University 100771-China, tel: (8610)-65249061, fax: (861)-62752306. Secretary: Liu Han. Law Research Institute of China Academy of Social Science, Sha Tan Bei Jie, 15, Beijing 100720-China, tel: (8610)-65249061, fax: (8610)-64014045. Treasurer: Li Lin. Jurisprudence Research Office of the Law Research Institute of China Academy of Social Science, Sha Tan Bei Jie, 15, Beijing 100720-China, tel: (8610)-64072803, fax: (8610)-64014045.

COLOMBIA

Records. Current Officials. President: Luis Villar Borda. Universidad Externado de Colombia, Calle 12 N° 1-17, este piso 6 bloque A, Bogotá - Colombia. Secretary: Hernán A. Ortíz Rivas. Calle 12 No. 8-11, Piso 2°, Bogotá - Colombia.

CZECH REPUBLIC

Records. Current Officials. President: Josef Blahoz. Institute of State and Law of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Narodni Trida 18, 110 00 Prague 1-Czech Republic, tel: 0042-1-203838. Secretary: Frantisek Novak.

DENMARK

News. The Danish section held its ordinary general assembly Wednesday March 15th, 1995, and elected a new board, which then among its members appointed the following officials: President: Mogens Blegvad, Soldalen 7, DK-2100 Copenhagen. Treasurer: Lecturer, Jes Bjarup, Juridisk Institut, Afdelingen for Retslære, University of Århus, Jurabygning 340, DK-8000 Århus; Secretary: Lecturer Finn Collin, Department of Philosophy, University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 80, DK-2300 Copenhagen S.

Recent Publications: In 1995, two members of the governing board of the Danish section of IVR, Jes Bjarup and Mogens Blegvad, edited a volume comprising the papers read at the Sandbjerg Symposium in May 1994 on ìTime, Law, and Societyî. The anthology, similarly entitled Time, Law, and Society, appears as Beiheft 64 of ìArchiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophieî and is published by Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1995. The contributions are as follows: Mogens Blegvad: ìTime, Society, and Lawî; Kevat Nousiainen: ìTime in Law - Time of Experienceî; Mikael Karlsson: ìTime out of Mind: Memory, Sexual Abuse, and the Statute of Limitationsî; Ake Frandberg: ìRetroaktivitet, Simulactivity, Infraactivityî; Lennart Aqvist: ìThe Protagoras Case: An Exercise in Elementary Logic for Lawyersî; Gert-Frederik Malt: ìDynamic Interpretation. Localistic and Temporal Aspectsî; Robert Alexy: ìLegal Interpretation, Discourse, and Timeî; Neil MacCormick: ìTime, Narratives, and Lawî.

Records. Current Officials. President: Mogens Blegvad. Soldalen 7, DK-2100 Kobebhavn O. Denmark, tel: 0045-39293778. Secretary: Finn Collin. Department of Education,Philosophy and Rethoric, University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 80, DK 2300 Copenhagen S. Denmark, tel: Int. code +45 35 32 88 69, fax: Int. code +45 35 32 88 50. Treasurer: Jes Bjarup, Juridisk Institut, Afdelingen for Retslære, University of Århus, Jurabygning 340, DK-8000.

FINLAND

News. In December 1994, the research project ìPolycentric Lawî organised an interdisciplinary seminar in Helsinki entitled Fragments. Younger scholars from the Nordic countries and Britain debated on issues that have surfaced in legal and social theory due to the pluralism of cultural units within society as well as of theoretical paradigms in research.

In November, the research project ìThe Woman of the Law ó the Law of the Womanî organised a Nordic symposium on the modernisation process of family legislation.

The Research Institute for Social Sciences at the University of Tampere, under the leadership of Aulis Aarnio, has during the past year organized numerous interdisciplinary seminars, symposia and conferences relating to the philosophy of law and social philosophy. Among these were, e.g., Power, Possibility, and Action in December 1994 with speakers such as Ernesto Garzón Valdés (Mainz/Bonn) and Aleksander Peczenik (Lund), and The Dynamics of Science and Technology in September including, as speakers, Shigeru Nakayama (Kanagawa), Ilkka Niiniluoto (Helsinki) and Hilary Rose (Bradford) among others. In September, Prof. Emeritus Niklas Luhmann (Bielefeld) lectured twice in Helsinki. The titles of his presentations were ìSociety as Differenceî and ìThe Validity of Lawî.

Recent Publications. Aulis Aarnio, Derecho, Racionalidad y Comunicación Social. Ensayos sobre Filosofía del Derecho, Fontamara, 1995. Minna Hatakka, Das Risiko der fehlerhaften Entscheidungen, Universität Uppsala, 1995. Erik Lagerspetz, The Opposite Mirrors. An Essay on the Conventionalist Theory of Institutions, Kluwer, 1995.

Records. Current Officials. President: Kevät Nousiainen. Faculty of Law, P. O. Box 4, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, tel: +358 0 19122684, fax: +358 0 19123108, E-mail: kevat.nousiainen@helsinki.fi. Vice-President: L. L. Lic. Kimmo Nuotio. Faculty of Law, P.O. Box 4 FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, tel: +358 0 19122654, fax: +358 0 19123090, E-mail: kimmo.nuotio@helsinki.fi. Secretary: Panu Minkkinen. Faculty of Law, P.O. Box 4 FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, tel: +358 (9)0 19122442, fax: +358 (9)0 19123090, E-mail: ivr-sofy@helsinki.fi.

GERMANY

News. Recent Publications: Byrd, B.S./Bruschka, J./Joerden, J.C. (Hrsg.), Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik, Annual Review of Law and Ethics, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, Band 1, 1993 (DM 148/öS 1.55/sFr 148); Band 2, Zurechnung von Verhalten- Inputation of Conduct, 1994 (DM 198/ öS 1.545/sFr 198); Band 3 (1995), Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Leidig, G., Chaosforschung und Umweltschutz, Social Strategies Forschungsberichte (hrsg. v. K.M. Leisinger/P. Trappe), Vol. 4., No., Basel 1995. Röhl, K.G., Allgemeine Rechtslehre, 1995, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Köln. Seelmann, K., Anerkennungsverlust und Selbstsubsumtion. Hegels Straftheorien, Freiburg 1995, Alber Verlag. Tönnies, S., Der westliche Universalismus. Eine Verteidigung klassischer Positionen, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1995. Quaritsch, H. (Hrsg.), Positionen und Begriffe Carl Schmitts, 3. Aufl, Berlin 1995.

Announcements. The German IVR section arranges every two years a national IVR conference, usually connected with a general assembly of the members of the section. The next conference will take place on September 26-28, 1996, in Jena. The subject will be "Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtsdogmatik in Zeiten des Umbruchs".

There are also various subsections which organize regional conferences. Beside that, the IVR section supports a group of young legal or social philosophers which is closely related but independent of the IVR section, and which organizes meetings on its own.

Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der IVR in Jena, 26. bis 28. September 1996.

Generalthema: Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtsdogmatik in Zeiten des Umbruchs.

Donnerstag, 26. September 1996.

19.15 Senatssaal: Erhöffnung der Tagung.Grußwort des Oberbürgermeisters der Stadt Jena. Gelegenheit zum Gespräch bei einem kleinen Imbiß.

Freitag, 27. September 1996.

9.15-13.00, Aula: Plenarveranstaltung.

9.00: Begrüßung.

9.15: Jutta Limbach, Präsidentin des Bundesverfassungsgerichts, Karlsruhe: Rechts- und Verfassungspolitik im sozialen Wandel.

10.00: Diskussion. 10.45: Pause.

11.15: Thilo Ramm, Darmstadt: Zwischen Verfassungspositivismus und Kadijustiz was nun?

12.00: Diskussion. 13.00: Mittagspause.

14.30-18.00: Arbeitsgruppen. HS 24 Arbeitsgruppe 1: Das Verhältnis von Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtsdogmatik im allgemeinen.

14.30: Joachim Lege, Freiburg: Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man als Jurist Rechtsphilosophie? Ein systemtheoretischer Versuch.

15.15: Diskussion. 16.00: Pause.

16.30: Günter Frankenberg, Frankfurt/M.: Stichworte zur "Drittwirkung" der Rechtsphilosophie im Verfassungsrecht.

17.15: Diskussion.

HS 144 Arbeitsgruppe 2: Entwicklungen im Strafrecht.

14.30: Dirk Fabricius, Frankfurt/M.: Rechtsdogmatische Wandlungen als Entnennungen gesellschaftlicher Risikozuteilungen.

15.15: Diskussion. 16.00: Pause

16.30: Diethelm Klesczewski, Hamburg: Auswirkungen von Umbruch und Krise einer Bürger-Gesellschaft auf das Strafrecht - Eine Hegelianische Perspektive.

17.15: Diskussion. 19.00: Mitgliederversammlung.

20.15: Empfang durch den Justizminister des Freistaates Thüringen mit anschließendem Kleinkunstprogramm.

Samstag, 28. September 1996.

9.00-13.00: Plenarveranstaltung.

9.00: Gerhard Haney, Jena: Aufklärung und juristische Zeitenwende - Jenas Beitrag zur Humanisierun des Rechts.

9.45: Diskussion. 10,45: Pause.

11.15: Gerd Roellecke, Mannheim: Stabilisierung des Rechtes in Zeiten des Umbruchs.

12.00: Diskussion. 13.00: Mittagspause.

14.30-18.00: Arbeitsgruppen.

HS 24: Arbeitsgruppe 3: Internationalisierung des Rechts und des Rechtsverständnisses.

14.30: Karl Albrecht Schachtschneider, Nürnberg: Die Republik der Völker Europas.

15.15: Diskussion. 16.00: Pause.

16.30: Slefan Kadelbach, LL.M., Frankfurt/M.: Utopien im Herzen der Finsternis? Das Völkerrecht und seine Theorie in Umbruchzeiten.

17.15: Diskussion.

HS 144: Arbeitsgruppe 4: Der ökologische Umbruch und seine rechtliche Verarbeitung.

14.30: Angelika Krebs, frankfurt/M.: Hat die Natur Eigenwert?

15.15: Diskussion. 16.00: Pause.

16.30: Dietrich Murswiek, Freiburg: Die Nutzung öffentlicher Umweltgüter: Knappheit, Freiheit Verteilungsgerechtikeit.

17.15: Diskussion. 18.00: Ende der Taung (u.U. Fortsetzung der Mitgliederversammlung).

Tagungsort: FSU Jena, Fürstengraben 1. Die Plenarvorträge finden in der Aula statt.

Tagungsbüro: Das Tagungsbüro befindet sich vor der Aula. Die Arbeitsgruppen tagen in HS 24 und HS 144. Ort der Mitgliederversammlung und des Empfangs durch den Justizminister am Freitag ist die Mensa am Philosophenweg.

Tagungsbeitrag: 60,- DM; für Studierende 30,- DM. Zahlung auf das Konto Nr. 830 015 03 bei der Landeszentralbank Gera BLZ 830 000 00 Verwendungszweck: 11196 55124 IVR Tagung. Anmeldung: Bis zum 25. Juni 1996.

Information: Rolf Gröschner, Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht und Rechtsphilosophie der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 3, 07743 Jena, tel: 03641/631615, fax: 03641/631616.

Records. Current Officials. President: Robert Alexy. Juristisches Seminar der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstraße 40-60, D-24118 Kiel, tel: 0431-880 3543, fax: 0431-880 4329. Vice-President and Treasurer: Jan-R. Sieckmann. Juristisches Seminar der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstraße 40-60, D-24118 Kiel, tel: 0431-880 3550, fax: 0431-880 4329.

GREECE

Records. Current Officials. President: Stavros Panou. The Greek Society for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR), P. Kalliga 21-23, 114 73 Athens-Greece, tel: 0030-1-6423270. Secretary: Nicolas Philippidis. P. Kalliga 21-23, 114 73 Athens-Greece. Treasurer: Eleni Ioannidi. Nikis 3 13484, Athens.

INDIA

Records. Current Officials. President: K. B. Agrawal. Indian Institute of Comparative Law, 6/146, Malviya Nagar, 302017 Jaipur-India, tel: 0091-141-550814. Vice-President: Prem Kumar. Secretary: Punit Bansal.

ISRAEL

Records. Current Officials. President: Shlomo Avineri. Faculty of Social Science, the Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, 91905 Jerusalem-Israel, tel: (972-2) 660862, fax: (972-2) 322545. Secretary: Jeff Macy, Department of Pol. Science, The Hebrew University Mount Scopus, 91905 Jerusalem-Israel, tel: (972-8) 9264569, fax: (972-2) 322545.

ITALY

Announcements. Italian Society of Legal and Political Philosophy; Faculty of Law, ìLa Sapienzaî University, 00185 Rome.

20th Congress of the Italian Society of Legal and Political Philosophy, Verona, October 3 - 5, 1996.

Penal Law, Control of Rationality and Citizensí Guarantees.

The 20th Congress will be held on October 3, 4, 5,1996 with the following programme:

Thursday October 3, 1996: Aula Magna, University of Verona.

15.30: Opening address.

16.00: Opening session: Control of Rationality: Logic, Rhetoric and Dialectics, Speakers: Francesco Cavalla (University of Padua), Michele Taruffo (University of Pavia).

17.30: Discussion.

19.00: Transfer of Congress participants to Hotel Residence Poiano in Poiano del Garda.

20.30: Congress Dinner.

Friday October 4, 1996: Sala dei Congressi, Hotel Poiano.

9.00: Control of Rationality and Penal Legislation, Speakers: Bruno Montanari (University of Catania), Giovanni Fiandaca (University of Palermo). Control of Rationality in Penal Trials, Speakers: Paolo Comanducci (University of Genoa), Riccardo Guastini (University of Genoa), Gaetano Pecorella (President,"Unione Nazionale delle Camere Penali").

11.30: Discussion.

13.30: Lunch.

16.00: Afternoon session: Control of Rationality and the Science of Penal Law, Speaker: Mario Jori (University of Milan).

Control of Rationality and Penal Enforcement, Speakers: Danilo Zolo (University of Florence), Alessandro Margara (Florence Court).

18.00: Discussion.

20.30: Congress reception and dinner.

Saturday October 5, 1996: Sala dei Congressi, Hotel Poiano.

9.00: Control of Rationality and Information on Penal Activity, Speaker: Enzo Albano (Naples Court).

Violence, Punishment and Order, Speaker: Luigi Alfieri (University of Urbino).

10.00: Discussion.

11.00: Closing Address.

11.30: General Assembly of the Society.

For hotel accommodation, please apply to Hotel Residence Poiano - 37016 Garda-Costermano (Vr) - Poiano, tel. +39-45-7200100, fax +39-45-7200900. The hotel will send you a brochure and details of the special rates reserved for Congress participants arriving on Thursday October 3 and staying until Saturday October 5, 1996. The Congress registration fee including proceedings is 50,000 Italian Lira. Participants in the Society General Assembly must have paid their membership fees for 1995 and 1996, amounting to 30,000 Lira. Payment can be made to account no. 78143005 entered to Maurizio Basciu c/o Società Italiana di Filosofia Giuridica e Politica, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Università La Sapienza, 00185, Roma.

Records. Current Officials. President: Dino Fiorot. Istituto di Scienze Politiche-Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via del Santo 28, 35123 Padova-Italy, tel: 049-663466. Secretary: Maurizio Basciu. Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma-Italy, tel: 06-490489, fax: 06-49910951.

JAPAN

News. The annual conference of the Japanese Association of Philosophy of Law (JALP) took place on 10-11 November, 1995, at the Doshisha University, Kyoto, on the topic ìLegal Philosophy and Environmental Issues.î Some of the issues discussed were: reasons why the environment is important; the role and limits of the law of the nation state as an instrument for environmental protection; environmental history, ethics and the role of religion; perception biases on global environmental issues arising from cultural diversity and agenda-setting power of political cultures.

Announcements. The First Asia Symposium in Jurisprudence. Law in a Changing World: Asian Alternatives, Tokyo and Kyoto, 10-12 October 1996.

In recent years, economic growth in Asian countries has stimulated political and cultural development in those countries. We have begun to question the traditional dichotomy of "developing" Asia vs. "the developed" West as well as such political slogans as "the westernization of Asia" and "catching up with the West." However, we have not yet devised new theoretical perspectives that will explain the commonalty and diversity of Asian progress.

In order to begin this task, we propose that Asian scholars discuss some basic problems of legal philosophy and legal culture in the perspective of the future of Asia. Our discussion will focus on the following topics:

1. What are the cultural and moral bases of economic growth in Asian countries today?

2. How do these ethical elements relate to each country's legal system or its functional equivalent?

3. The problems of succession of Western legal systems in Asian countries: the reception and differentiation of Western legal institutions and their activating thought.

4. Does Asian experience support a universal model of "civil society" or are models of "civil society" relative to different cultures?

5. The problems of universality and diversity of human rights: civil rights and liberties, participatory rights, social rights, and human rights as basic human needs.

6. The idea of human rights and the traditions of Asian philosophy concerning man and nature.

7. Asian alternatives in the post-cold-war era: how do we cope with environmental problems and ethnic conflicts?

We are going to discuss these topics in Tokyo and Kyoto. In the Tokyo symposium, entitled "Law and Bases of Legitimacy," the emphasis will be on public law and government. In the Kyoto symposium, entitled "Law, Mores, and Economic Development," the emphasis will be on civil law and social morality. Some of the speakers invited are: Guo Daohui (China), Hahm Chai Bong (Korea), Adijaya Yusuf (Indonesia), Timothy Lindsey (Australia) and Daniel Bell (Hong Kong). Participants from Japan include Mizoguchi Yuzo, Yasuda Nobuyuki and Inoue Tatsuo.

For further information, contact Prof Morigiwa Yasutomo, Head of the Secretariat for the Conference, at the address below:

Morigiwa Yasutomo, School of Law, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan, tel: +81-52-789-4908, fax: +81-52-789-4900, E-mail: morigiwa@nomolog.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Records. Current Officials. President: Fukada Mitsunori. Faculty of Law, Doshisha University, Imadegawa, Karasuma, Kamigyo-Ku, 603 Kioto-Japan, tel: 0081-75-751-3557, fax: 0081-75-251-3060. Secretary: Yasuji Yamazaki. Faculty of Cross-cultural Studies, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto 1-2-1, Nada Ku, 657 Kobe-Japan, tel: 0081-78-8030766, fax: 0081-78-8030766.

MEXICO

News. The International Colloquium on Legal Philosophy, Ethics and Politics was held in Mexico on March 4-8, 1996. The main topics of the meeting were: philosophy of law today; law and postmodernity; law and psychoanalysis; Kelsenís later thought; the problem of punishment; the cosmological and legal concept of the Indios; legal pluralism and general theory of law; state and law at the end of the century; ethics and law; problems of the modern concept of politics; the foundation of human rights; legal argumentation.

Records. Current officials. President: Augustín Basave Fernandez del Valle. Av Roberto Garza Sada, 116, Valle de San Angel (San Pedro Garza García), Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Treasurer: Carlos Vigil Lagarde. Lago Victoria, 80, Colonja Granada, 11550 México D. F., tel: 545 34 54.

THE NETHERLANDS

Announcements. Four conferences are planned and will be organized in the coming period on the following topics: a. The dilemmas of criminal prosecution and the rule of law. (Because of the problems of organized criminality there is a constant tendency to give to the police more discretionary power which makes it diffucult to control this part of the state power. The fundamental question is how to balance the public interests of criminal prosecution and of control on state power); b. Ethics of the lawyer and prosecutor; c. Anti-discrimination in law and philosophy; d. The moral and legal status of animals and the environment.

The conferences are organized in cooperation with several juridical associations as f.e. the Netherlands Association of Criminal Prosecutors and the Netherlands Association of Lawyers.

Records. Current Officials. President: Ton M. Hol. Faculty of Law, Department of Legal Theory, Boothstraat 1 c, 3512 BT Utrecht-Netherlands, tel: 31-30-2537072, fax: 31-30-2538408, E-mail: A.Hol@rgl.ruu.nl.. Secretary: Theo E. Rosier. Harddraverslaan 12, 2082 HM Santpoort Zuid, The Netherlands, tel: 31 23 5386352/31 20 4446325, E-mail: t.e.rosier@rechten.vu.nl. Treasurer: Marlies Galenkamp. Linker Rottekade, 54730 31 WE Rotterdam- The Netherlands, tel: 31 10 4082649/31 10 4049703, E-mail: Galenkamp@alg.frg.eur.nl

NEW ZEALAND

Records. Current Officials. President: Maurice M. Goldsmith. Department of Philosophy, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington-New Zealand, tel: 04 471 5368, fax: 04 495 5130. Secretary: Paul Harris. Department of Politics, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington-New Zealand, tel: 04 721 000, fax: 04 721 070.

RUMANIA

Records. Current Officials. President: Paul-Mircea Cosmovici. Institute of Legal research of the Romanian Academy, Bd Mihail Kogálniceanu 33-35, 70602 Bucaresti-Rumania, tel: 0040-615 11 98. Secretary: Gheorghe Emil Moroianu. Institutul de Cercetari Juridice, B-dul. Mihail Kogálniceanu 33, 70602 Bucaresti-Rumania.

RUSSIA

Records. Current Officials. President: Vladik S. Nersessiants. Institute of State and Law Russian Academy of Sciences-ISL RAS, Znamenka st. 10, 119841 Moscow-Russia, tel: 007-095-2913490/3187, fax: 007-095-2918574, E-mail: post.mast@isl.msk.su. Secretary: Lyudmila Lapteva. Institute of State and Law Russian Academy of Sciences-ISL RAS, Znamenka st. 10, 119841 Moscow-Russia.

SLOVAKIA

News. The International Seminar on Rule of Law was held in High Tatras from 2 to 5 May, 1996. Scholars from Sweden, Poland and Slovakia took part.

Announcements. International Conference on Protection of Property to be held from 23 to 25 September, 1996. Annual Meeting of the IVR Slovak Section to be held in Kosice or Bratislava in October 1996.

A collection of papers by the IVR members for the 18th World Congress 1997, La Plata/Buenos Aires, Argentina, is in preparation (deadline for papers: December 31, 1996).

Records. Current Officials. President: Alexander Bröstl. Faculty of Law, Safárik-University, Kovácska c. 26, 040 01 Kosice-Slovakia, tel: 0042-95-6227104, fax: 0042-9562-25365, e-mail: BROSTL@PRAVO.UPJS.SK. Vice-President: Jozef Prusák. School of Law, Comenius University, Safárikovo nám. 6, 818 06 Bratislava, Slovakia, tel: 0042 7 340 111, fax: 004 7 562 34.

SPAIN

Records. Current Officials. President: Gregorio Peces Barba Martínez. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid-Spain, tel: 0034-1-6249757, fax: 0034-1-6249877. Secretary: M. Eugenia Gayo Santa Cecilia. Facultad de Derecho, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid-Spain.

SWEDEN

Records. Current Officials. President: Aleksander Peczenik. University of Lund, Juridiska Institutionen Juridicum, Box 207, 22100 Lund-Sweden, tel: 0046-46-108070, fax: 0046-46-2224433, E-mail: ALEKSP@ibm186.jur.lu.se .Secretary: Gunnar Bergholtz. University of Lund, Juridiska Institutionen Juridicum, Box 207, 22100 Lund-Sweden, tel: 0046-44-104444. Treasurer: Torben Spaak. Department of Law, University of Uppsala, Box 512, 75120 Uppsala-Sweden, tel: 0046-18-182607, fax: 0046-18-187666.

SWITZERLAND

Records. Current Officials. President: Jörg-Paul Müller. Seminar für öffentliches Recht, Universität Bern, Ochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, tel: +41 (0)31 6318894, fax: +41 (0)31 6313883. Secretary: Thomas Mastronardi. Grauholtzsrtasse 54, 3063 Ittigen.

UNITED KINGDOM

News. The 1996 Conference "Responsibility, Property and Justice: Agendas for the Environment" was held in Durham at the beginning of April, with the Austin Lecture being given by Ted Benton. At the AGM, Liz Kingdom and Pat Fitzgerald continued in office as President and Treasurer respectively. Bob Brecher retired as Secretary, with thanks given to him for all the work he had done, Emilios Christodoulidis being elected in his place. Thanks was also given to Bob Brecher for his continuing work as Editor of the Association's journal, Res Publica, with Volume II, no. 2 to be published in September.

The papers presented at the 1995 Norwich Conference had been published in R. Bellamy (ed.) Constitutionalism, Democracy and Sovereignty: American and European Perspectives (Avebury, 1996) Hardback, 170 pages. ISBN 1 85972 264 4. The 1996 Conference papers were to be published in the same series as J. O'Neill and T. Hayward (eds.) Justice, Property and the Environment: Social and Legal Perspectives.

Announcements. The UK Association for Legal and Social Philosophy (ALSP) is open to everyone interested in the interaction between theory and practice in the areas of legal, social and political thought; the interplay between these areas; and the applications and outcomes arising out of the inter-disciplinary nature of such debate. In seeking to extend debate beyond the traditional academy, it is especially concerned to include students and practitioners in its activities, as well as to promote discussion with, among and beyond full-time academics. Membership is currently £20 (waged) or £10 (unwaged) per annum, which includes a subscription to Res Publica: A Journal of Social and Legal Philosophy and the Associationís newsletter. For details, please write to the Treasurer, Ms. P. Fitzgerald, 7 Adur Court, Stoney Lane, Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex BN43 6LY.

The 1997 Conference is planned from 3-5 April in Edinburgh on the topic of "Communitarianism and Citizenship", with Philip Selznick giving the Austin Lecture.

The 1998 Conference is planned to be held in Reading on "International Justice".